Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Joe C. Campbell
Summary: This paper reviews the materials and structural approaches that have been developed to reduce excess noise in avalanche photodiodes and increase the gain-bandwidth product.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Optics
Jinhou Lin, Ying Sun, Wen Wu, Kun Huang, Yan Liang, Ming Yan, Heping Zeng
Summary: Researchers demonstrated a GHz-gated silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) capable of fast photon-number-resolving (PNR) detection in Geiger mode. By suppressing the capacitive response, they successfully extracted avalanche pulses with high fidelity and resolved up to 14 photons in laser pulses at high speed. This work may open up new possibilities for applications such as optical sensing, optical communication, and multi-photon quantum optics.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Joost Romijn, Sten Vollebregt, Luke M. Middelburg, Brahim El Mansouri, Henk W. van Zeijl, Alexander May, Tobias Erlbacher, Johan Leijtens, Guoqi Zhang, Pasqualina M. Sarro
Summary: This work presents the first integration of on-chip UV optoelectronics in 4H-SiC CMOS, including an image sensor with 64 active pixels and 1263 transistors. The image sensor offers serial digital, analog, and 2-bit ADC outputs, operates at 0.39 Hz, and has a maximum power consumption of 60 µW, making significant improvements over previous reports. UV optoelectronics find applications in various fields such as flame detection, satellites, astronomy, UV photography, and healthcare. The complexity of this optoelectronic system opens up possibilities for new applications like harsh environment microcontrollers.
MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Stephen D. March, Andrew H. Jones, Aaron J. Muhowski, Scott J. Maddox, Min Ren, Seth R. Bank
Summary: In this paper, we report on digital alloy AlxIn1-xAsySb1-y/GaSb staircase avalanche photodiodes that operate using carrier trapping induced tunneling gain. Experimental data is presented to confirm the model and electrostatic parameters for designing low-noise and deterministic gain scaling are derived.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Optics
S. Sempere-Llagostera, G. S. Thekkadath, R. B. Patel, W. S. Kolthammer, I. A. Walmsley
Summary: In this study, we use the photon-number resolving capabilities of commercial superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to improve the quality of single photons generated through nonlinear processes. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of enhancing the quality of heralded single-photon sources using readily available technology.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Naseem, Po-Shun Wang, Zohauddin Ahmad, Syed Hasan Parvez, Sean Yang, H. -S. Chen, Hsiang-Szu Chang, Jack Jia-Sheng Huang, Jin-Wei Shi
Summary: This work demonstrates a novel top-illuminated avalanche photodiode with an In0.52Al0.48As multiplication layer, which exhibits high responsivity, high-speed, high-saturation-power, and low-dark current characteristics, opening up new possibilities for enhancing the sensitivity performance of receivers.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Zohauddin Ahmad, Sheng-I Kuo, You-Chia Chang, Rui-Lin Chao, None Naseem, Yi-Shan Lee, Yung-Jr Hung, Huang-Ming Chen, Jason Chen, Chee Seong Goh, Jin-Wei Shi
Summary: This paper presents a novel In0.52Al0.48As based top-illuminated avalanche photodiode (APD) that effectively addresses the issue of bandwidth degradation under high gain and high power operation. By utilizing a cascade avalanche process, the APD achieves an ultra-high gain bandwidth product and exhibits a wider dynamic range compared to other photodiodes and photo-receivers.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Wen Wu, Xiao Shan, Yaoqiang Long, Jing Ma, Kun Huang, Ming Yan, Yan Liang, Heping Zeng
Summary: In this paper, a 1-GHz gated InGaAs/InP SPAD with sinusoidal gating signals asynchronous to the incident pulsed laser is demonstrated for free-running single-photon detection. The SPAD achieves a count rate of up to 500 Mcount/s by quenching the photon-induced avalanche signals within 1 ns. However, the timing jitter is measured to be around 168 ps, larger than that of the SPAD with synchronous gates. The cause of the jitter deterioration is investigated by adjusting the delay between the gating signals and the incident pulsed laser.
Article
Optics
Naseem, Zohauddin Ahmad, Yan-Min Liao, Rui-Lin Chao, Po-Shun Wang, Yi-Shan Lee, Sean Yang, Sheng-Yun Wang, Hsiang-Szu Chang, Hung-Shiang Chen, Jack Jia-Sheng Huang, Emin Chou, Yu-Heng Jan, Jin-Wei Shi
Summary: The study demonstrates In0.52Al0.48As top/backside-illuminated avalanche photodiodes (APD) with dual multiplication layers for high-speed and wide dynamic range performances. The incorporation of dual multiplication layer structure in the APD enhances responsivity, optical-to-electrical bandwidth, speed, and dynamic range.
Review
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Istvan Gyongy, Neale A. W. Dutton, Robert K. Henderson
Summary: This article provides a tutorial introduction to the direct Time-of-Flight (dToF) signal chain and discusses typical artifacts introduced due to limitations of the detector and processing electronic devices. It outlines the memory requirements of embedded histograms and highlights future prospects for integrated CMOS dToF arrays.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES
(2022)
Review
Optics
Masahiro Nada, Fumito Nakajima, Toshihide Yoshimatsu, Yasuhiko Nakanishi, Atsushi Kanda, Takahiko Shindo, Shoko Tatsumi, Hideaki Matsuzaki, Kimikazu Sano
Summary: The paper discusses the structural consideration of high-speed photodetectors for optical communications, with a focus on vertical illumination photodetectors suitable for device fabrication and optical coupling. An avalanche photodiode capable of handling 100-Gbit/s four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (50 Gbaud) signals, and pin photodiodes for 100-Gbaud operation were fabricated with a unique inverted p-side down (p-down) design.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Torben Neumann, Franz Kallage
Summary: A simulation model is proposed in this article to assess the performance of a direct time-of-flight LiDAR system during sensor development. It incorporates various detector types, such as SPAD, SPAD array, SiPM, and SiPM array, using a Poisson process and Monte Carlo simulation. The model considers the implementation of detector-specific parameters and nonideal tunings during prototyping.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Filip Taneski, Tarek Al Abbas, Robert K. Henderson
Summary: This paper provides a taxonomy of partial histogram approaches for reducing the amount of data stored on-chip in dToF lidar sensors, and evaluates their impact on system laser power. Sliding approach is found to be the most power-efficient for long-range outdoor applications, while zooming approach becomes more effective under low ambient conditions. Cycle-scaled variations on these approaches are introduced to further reduce the laser power penalty. A sliding histogram approach is also suggested to reduce the required on-chip histogram storage capacity by half, with almost no additional laser power penalty.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Optics
Adam A. A. Dadey, J. Andrew McArthur, Abhilasha Kamboj, Seth R. R. Bank, Daniel Wasserman, Joe C. C. Campbell
Summary: This study demonstrates a new type of MWIR detector with avalanche photodiodes that can increase the system signal-to-noise ratio. The device achieves gains over 850 under 2-mu m illumination and has a low k-factor and high external quantum efficiency.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Asta Katrine Storebo, Trond Brudevoll, Espen Selvig, Runar Wattum Hansen, Torgeir Lorentzen, Randi Haakenaasen
Summary: We investigated the nonlinear signal current response of a Hg0.72Cd0.28Te avalanche photodiode (APD) under high-intensity, finite-duration laser pulse irradiation. The study showed that carrier-induced perturbations and avalanche gain strongly influence the temporal behavior of the APD current at high irradiation levels and/or high gains. The addition of appropriate external series resistances in the external circuit is crucial in analyzing these high-intensity nonlinear gain effects. Oscillations in the signal current evolve in time and are related to junction transit time, remaining weakly dependent on irradiation levels and external resistance values until the resistance-capacitance (RC)-limited case.
JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Federico Campisano, Francesco Gramuglia, Imro R. Dawson, Christopher T. Lyne, Michelle L. Izmaylov, Sarthak Misra, Elena De Momi, Douglas R. Morgan, Keith L. Obstein, Pietro Valdastri
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
(2017)
Article
Crystallography
Francesco Gramuglia, Simone Frasca, Emanuele Ripiccini, Esteban Venialgo, Valentin Gate, Hind Kadiri, Nicolas Descharmes, Daniel Turover, Edoardo Charbon, Claudio Bruschini
Summary: This paper explores light extraction techniques for LYSO and BGO inorganic scintillators, presenting novel approaches such as DBRs, metal coatings, and modified PhC structures, and comparing them with conventional techniques. Observations show a maximum light gain of about 41% and 21% improvement in energy resolution for BGO, indicating potential advancements in scintillator technology.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Francesco Gramuglia, Pouyan Keshavarzian, Ekin Kizilkan, Claudio Bruschini, Shyue Seng Tan, Michelle Tng, Elgin Quek, Myung-Jae Lee, Edoardo Charbon
Summary: CMOS single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have become mainstream technology in various applications in consumer, medical, and industrial domains. This paper presents a SPAD based on DPW/BNW junctions in a standard BCD technology, with improved performance achieved through the addition of a single existing implant. The results demonstrate the sensitivity and noise performance comparable to state-of-the-art technology.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Francesco Gramuglia, Ming-Lo Wu, Claudio Bruschini, Myung-Jae Lee, Edoardo Charbon
Summary: This paper presents the first CMOS SPAD that achieves performance comparable or better than custom SPADs. The SPAD's performance in terms of photon detection probability, spectral range, and dark count rate is significantly improved. Additionally, the study examines the impact of SPAD size on timing jitter and proposes a scaling law. The proposed SPADs are suitable for various applications and can take advantage of the cost-efficiency and scalability of CMOS technology.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Ming-Lo Wu, Emanuele Ripiccini, Ekin Kizilkan, Francesco Gramuglia, Pouyan Keshavarzian, Carlo Alberto Fenoglio, Kazuhiro Morimoto, Edoardo Charbon
Summary: In this study, the radiation hardness of 180 nm CMOS and 55 nm bipolar-CMOS-double-diffused MOS single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) was investigated. The dark count rate (DCR) levels were found to depend on the number and type of defects, and a new model for DCR increase prediction was proposed.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Jiuxuan Zhao, Tommaso Milanese, Francesco Gramuglia, Pouyan Keshavarzian, Shyue Seng Tan, Michelle Tng, Louis Lim, Vinit Dhulla, Elgin Quek, Myung-Jae Lee, Edoardo Charbon
Summary: This study presents an analog silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) based on a 55-nm Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) technology, which can be used in light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. The SiPM features small size and high gain, enabling accurate depth measurement and high-resolution intensity and depth imaging of complex scenes under ambient light conditions.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Francesco Gramuglia, Emanuele Ripiccini, Carlo Alberto Fenoglio, Ming-Lo Wu, Lorenzo Paolozzi, Claudio Bruschini, Edoardo Charbon
Summary: In this study, we discuss the use of advanced Geiger-mode APDs, known as SPADs, for detecting minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) with excellent timing resolution. The SPADs were implemented using standard CMOS technology and integrated with on-chip quenching and recharge circuitry. By using two devices in coincidence, the time-of-flight of 180 GeV/c momentum pions was measured with a coincidence time resolution of 22 ps FWHM (9.4 ps Gaussian sigma). This achievement opens up possibilities for the development of low-cost plug-and-play trackers with exceptional spatial and timing resolution for beam test facilities.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2023)
Proceedings Paper
Optics
Pouyan Keshavarzian, Francesco Gramuglia, Ekin Kizilkan, Claudio Bruschini, Shyue Seng Tan, Michelle Tng, Daniel Chong, Elgin Quek, Myung-Jae Lee, Edoardo Charbon
Summary: SPAD technology is widely used in biomedical, automotive, consumer, and security fields. In this study using the GF 55 nm BCDL process, SPADs demonstrated excellent performance including noise control, dead-time adjustment, and photon detection probability. Deep and shallow PN junction SPADs can be used for low supply voltage applications and enhanced sensitivity at near-infrared wavelengths, respectively.
ADVANCED PHOTON COUNTING TECHNIQUES XVI
(2022)
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Claudio Bruschini, Chockalingam Veerappan, Francesco Gramuglia, Martijn Bijwaard, Zoltan Papp, Edoardo Charbon
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES
(2018)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Francesco Gramuglia, Myung-Jae Lee, Esteban Venialgo, Claudio Bruschini, Edoardo Charbon
2017 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM AND MEDICAL IMAGING CONFERENCE (NSS/MIC)
(2017)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
F. Campisano, F. Gramuglia, I. R. Dawson, K. L. Obstein, S. Misra, E. De Momi, P. Valdastri
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 30TH ANNIVERSARY EUROSENSORS CONFERENCE - EUROSENSORS 2016
(2016)
