Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Wei Ding, Shenxu Bao, Yimin Zhang, Bo Chen, Xueli Wan, Junhui Xiao
Summary: Rare metal gallium is classified as a strategic material due to high demand, uncertain supply, and low reserves. Corundum flue dust (CFD) generated during bauxite smelting is considered as a potential source of gallium (Ga) and zinc (Zn). A novel method utilizing ultrasound to enhance the leaching efficiency of Ga and Zn from CFD was developed, resulting in a significant improvement in Ga leaching efficiency.
MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Harshit Mahandra, Chengqian Wu, Ahmad Ghahreman
Summary: The study showed that vitrification of arsenic-bearing flue dust using DST GlassLock process effectively stabilized arsenic, meeting the requirements for safe landfill deposition.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Huimin Xie, Xiyuan Xiao, Zhaohui Guo, Shiwei Li
Summary: The study found that the ultrasonic-assisted one-stage leaching process can efficiently leach lead from zinc leaching residue, with better results than the conventional process. The ultrasonic-assisted leaching process is controlled by a diffusion model and can release lead by forming PbCl42-, avoiding the precipitation of PbCl2. In addition, introducing ultrasound can lower the leaching temperature and reduce the amount of leaching agent.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESSING-PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Wentao Ji, Keqiang Xie, Haiyi Huang, Haolin Chen
Summary: Yellow phosphorus flue dust (YPFD) is a solid waste generated from yellow phosphorus production and contains approximately 0.05% gallium (Ga). A new vacuum thermal reduction method was proposed to recover Ga from YPFD, with experimental results confirming the feasibility of this approach. This study offers a potential technology for recovering Ga from YPFD and presents a practical approach for comprehensive utilization of industrial waste.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ming Liang, Haokai Di, Yan Hong, Leiting Song, Jie Dai, Kun Yang, Libo Zhang
Summary: A new process involving ultrasonic and iron powder is proposed to enhance the efficiency of germanium leaching from zinc oxide dust. The addition of iron powder reduces the formation of insoluble Fe4Ge3O12, increasing the leaching efficiency by 5.30%. Ultrasonic dispersion of the iron powder reduces local reduction imbalance and decreases dissolved oxygen, resulting in a further increase of 3.87% in germanium leaching efficiency. These findings provide a new method and theoretical guidance for the efficient utilization of zinc oxide dust containing germanium, which is of significant importance.
ARABIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jana Piroskova, Jakub Klimko, Jarmila Trpcevska, Martina Laubertova, Beatrice Plesingerova, Pavol Liptai, Tomas Vindt, Dusan Orac
Summary: The generation of flue dust in the process of hot-dip galvanizing poses challenges in environmental protection and resource recovery. The proposed hydrometallurgical recycling method is a feasible solution. The classification and characterization of the flue dust provide important references for selecting suitable processing methods.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Wentao Ji, Keqiang Xie, Shiyu Yan
Summary: The vacuum metallurgy method proposed in this study successfully achieved the pre-separation and efficient recovery of Zn and Pb from YPFD, with recovery rates reaching 92.47% and 99.78%, respectively, under optimized conditions. Ga in the residue was also recovered with little loss by raising the reaction temperature to 1323 K. The entire process is short, with no waste water discharge, low pollution emission levels, providing a clean and sustainable way to reuse YPFD.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wentao Ji, Shiyu Yan, Keqiang Xie, Xiaolei Yuan, Zhixiang Wang, Yang Li
Summary: A green and efficient method was developed to recover phosphorus and enriched gallium from phosphorus flue dust. Through Na2CO3 roasting and water leaching, phosphorus and gallium were effectively recovered with recovery rates of 85.38% and about 0.1% respectively. The process is technically simple and does not generate hazardous substances.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Shuai Rao, Zhi-qiang Liu, Dong-xing Wang, Hong-yang Cao, Wei Zhu, Kui-fang Zhang, Jin-zhang Tao
Summary: Zinc, lead, gallium, and germanium were successfully separated and recovered from zinc refinery residues using stepwise leaching method. The process involved leaching with sulfuric acid followed by leaching with hydrochloric acid, and finally extracting germanium in sodium hydroxide solution. The proposed process achieved high recoveries of the target metals, presenting potential industrial applications.
TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chunfu Xin, Hongying Xia, Qi Zhang, Libo Zhang, Wei Zhang
Summary: A new process of leaching zinc oxide dust by ozone oxidation in a sulfuric acid system was studied, and it was found that leaching efficiency depends on factors such as ozone time, leaching temperature, initial acidity, leaching time, and liquid/solid mass ratio. The optimum conditions for leaching Zn and Ge from zinc oxide dust were determined, with ozone leaching showing higher extraction rates compared to atmospheric leaching. Ozone was identified as playing a key role in rapidly oxidizing sulfide and releasing encapsulated germanium.
ARABIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Vivek Kashyap, Patrick Taylor, Evody Tshijik Karumb, Michael Cheshire
Summary: A method to enhance the leaching kinetics of zinc refinery residue (ZRR) with significant impact on the leaching of zinc, gallium, and indium was introduced in the study. Reduction roasting of zinc ferrite (ZF) eased the leaching process, achieving over 90% extraction of the target elements. Characterization of ZRR was conducted using various techniques including LA ICP-MS, SEM, XRD, and automated mineralogy.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Yang Xue, Xiaoming Liu, Na Zhang, Song Guo, Zhiqing Xie, Chunbao Xu Charles
Summary: This study proposes an oxygen pressure leaching method for selectively leaching zinc from converter dust (CD). The method effectively promotes the decomposition of ZnFe2O4 to increase zinc recovery and skillfully oxidizes and hydrolyzes Fe2+ in the solution to solid Fe(OH)SO4. Under optimal conditions, the leaching efficiency of zinc reached 98.8%, and 86.3% of iron remained in the leach residue, achieving the one-step separation of zinc and iron. Additionally, the leach residue was successfully used to synthesize a magnetically recyclable iron oxides@HTCC composite photocatalyst.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Wentao Ji, Shiyu Yan, Liwen Zhao, Keqiang Xie
Summary: A new vacuum chlorination and water leaching process for simultaneous P fixation and Ga, Pb, and Zn separation from phosphorus flue dust (PFD) was proposed. The impacts of experimental parameters on the metals volatilization rate were assessed, and under optimal conditions, high volatilization rates were achieved for Ga, Pb, and Zn. Additionally, the impacts of several factors in the water leaching process on the removal of Cl from the residue were studied, resulting in the obtainment of a leaching solution mainly containing Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ and a water leaching residue with high P content.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xingguo Luo, Chenyu Wang, Xianguo Shi, Xingbin Li, Chang Wei, Minting Li, Zhigan Deng
Summary: Selective separation and recovery of zinc and iron/carbon from blast furnace dust have been achieved using a NaCl-HCl-H2O system. Up to 93.2% of zinc could be leached, while iron and carbon were enriched and recovered as secondary resources.
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Harshit Mahandra, Atefeh Azizitorghabeh, Ahmad Ghahreman
Summary: Arsenic, a poisonous element, poses a significant threat to the environment and human beings due to its high mobility. This study compares the stability and leaching properties of cement encapsulation and glass vitrification as methods for immobilizing arsenic. The results show that glass material is a better option for sequestering arsenic compared to cement-based solidification.
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Wei Ding, Shenxu Bao, Yiming Zhang, Junhui Xiao
Summary: This study explores the highly selective process steps for extracting Scandium from red mud, and achieves high leaching efficiency under optimal conditions. The sulfation-roasting-water leaching process proves to be a promising and commercially viable technique.
MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Junhui Xiao, Kai Zou, Nanlan Zhong, Deqiang Gao
Summary: In this study, the separation of iron and scandium from Sc-bearing red mud was investigated. The red mud contained 31.11 wt% total iron (TFe), 0.0045 wt% Sc, and hematite and ferrosilite as the main Fe-bearing minerals. By applying a novel deep reduction roasting and magnetic separation process with the addition of coke and CaO, iron was extracted and scandium was enriched from the Sc-bearing red mud. The test results showed high Fe recovery of 92.96% and Sc recovery of 98.65%.
JOURNAL OF RARE EARTHS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Zheyi Zhang, Liuyi Ren, Yimin Zhang, Shenxu Bao
Summary: This paper studied the application of benzohydroxamic acid and sodium silicofluoride in the flotation of rutile and garnet. The results showed that benzohydroxamic acid had good collecting performance for both rutile and garnet, while sodium silicofluoride inhibited garnet. These reagents had certain effects on the chemical environment of rutile and garnet.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Muyang Huang, Shenxu Bao, Yimin Zhang, Yongpeng Luo, Xianqing Xu, Ilidio Deocleciano Salomao Dos Santos
Summary: In this study, cementitious materials (CM) were prepared using burnt coal cinder (BCC) as the raw material, and the compressive strength of BCC-based CM reached 45.53 MPa. The absorption of P was inhibited by adding sufficient exogenous Si. Microstructure analysis revealed a more homogeneous distribution of gel phases in the ternary system of Ca-Si-P, resulting in a more compact and stronger microstructure.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Shenxu Bao, Chunfu Xin, Yimin Zhang, Bo Chen, Wei Ding, Yongpeng Luo
Summary: Water resources are essential for human survival and development, but water pollution and scarcity pose major challenges. Capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a promising water treatment technology, offering advantages such as low energy consumption, high efficiency, low cost, and environmental friendliness. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of CDI's applications in water treatment, including heavy metal and organic contaminant removal, water softening, phosphate and nitrate removal, and water disinfection. It also discusses the latest research progress on energy recovery and consumption assessment in the CDI process, as well as the challenges and future opportunities for CDI technology.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhe Wang, Hong Li, Huan Wang, Haiyan Chen, Junhui Xiao
Summary: Exploring a scientific quantitative evaluation for energy efficiency and its improvement in jet milling process is of great significance for energy saving and emission reduction. In this study, three classical comminution breakage models were modified based on comminution experiments with an improved single particle impact comminution equipment. New formulas describing the relationship between comminution energy efficiency and breakage characteristic were proposed and verified. The results showed great potential for energy efficiency improvement in the fluidized bed opposed jet mill.
PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Maoyuan Wang, Wenliang Xiong, Junhui Xiao, Yao Guo, Jie Deng, Da Chen, Anni Ouyang, Menglin Lei, Lijun Zhang
Summary: During the flotation separation process of bastnaesite, it is difficult to effectively separate bastnaesite from fluorite. In this study, sodium silicate (SS) was found to effectively improve the flotation separation effect of bastnaesite and fluorite in the salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) system. Through various analyses, it was shown that SS selectively suppresses fluorite while maintaining a high flotation rate of bastnaesite. The results suggest that SS can be used as an effective inhibitor in the flotation separation of fluorite and bastnaesite.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Qianqian Wang, Haofeng Zhang, Yanling Xu, Shenxu Bao, Cheng Liu, Siyuan Yang
Summary: Native starches and their phosphates were used as depressants for the flotation of quartz from hematite. Starch phosphates exhibited stronger depressing abilities than native starches. The proposed adsorption model insights will significantly promote the development of starch-based depressants for iron ore flotation and other mineral processing applications.
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Wei Ding, Shenxu Bao, Yimin Zhang, Bo Chen, Xueli Wan, Junhui Xiao
Summary: Rare metal gallium is classified as a strategic material due to high demand, uncertain supply, and low reserves. Corundum flue dust (CFD) generated during bauxite smelting is considered as a potential source of gallium (Ga) and zinc (Zn). A novel method utilizing ultrasound to enhance the leaching efficiency of Ga and Zn from CFD was developed, resulting in a significant improvement in Ga leaching efficiency.
MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Chenyu Fan, Liuyi Ren, Yimin Zhang, Shenxu Bao, Zhilu Yang
Summary: In this study, different doses of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) were added as grinding aids in the process of muscovite grinding, and the effect of SHMP on the grinding efficiency of muscovite was investigated. The results demonstrated that the grinding efficiency increased significantly with the increase in SHMP dosage. Various test methods were used to analyze the mechanism of SHMP in improving the grinding efficiency of muscovite. It was found that SHMP physically adsorbed on the muscovite powder, resulting in the destruction of the ordered structure of muscovite crystals, surface roughening, and the appearance of cracks. This improved the pulp environment and dispersion of muscovite powder, leading to enhanced grinding efficiency.
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Liuyi Ren, Ziwei Jiao, Yimin Zhang, Shenxu Bao
Summary: In this study, the crystal cells of muscovite were optimized using Materials Studio 7.0 software. Some properties of the (002) crystal plane and (131) crystal plane were calculated to analyze their influence on flotation behavior. XRD and flotation analysis revealed that the (002) crystal plane had higher surface energy and was more easily exposed compared to the (131) crystal plane. Simulation results suggested that exposing more (131) crystal planes during the grinding stage can improve flotation efficiency.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Junhui Xiao, Nanlan Zhong, Kai Zou, Renju Cheng, Wenliang Xiong
Summary: In this study, a cleaner process of water leaching was proposed to extract vanadium from V-bearing roasted ore. The effects of various leaching parameters on vanadium recovery were investigated, as well as the vanadium leaching kinetics in the process. The results showed high efficiency with V2O5 leaching efficiency of 91.29% and decreased V2O5 content of leaching residue. The main findings revealed that diffusion and chemical reaction control vanadium's action mode in the water leaching process, in accordance with standard kinetic theory and experimental results.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wei Ding, Shenxu Bao, Yimin Zhang, Liuyi Ren, Chunfu Xin, Bo Chen, Bo Liu, Junhui Xiao, Xiaochuan Hou
Summary: Through the process of in-situ thermal reduction, simultaneous removal of organic matter, dissociation of electrode material, and reduction of high-valence transition metal were achieved, which are crucial for the selective recovery of valuable metals. The thermal reduction mechanism and phase transition behavior of mixed electrode materials were also evaluated. The study found that the spent cathode materials were decomposed and reduced to several forms of metal compounds through in-situ thermal reduction. Leaching efficiency of Li was increased from 85.66% to 98.68% through ultrasonic-assisted leaching. The recovered leaching solution was further processed to obtain high-purity Li2CO3. Transition metals were separated from other materials through wet magnetic separation. Sulfuric acid leaching was employed to separate high-value metals Ni, Mn, and Co, simplifying the metal separation process.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiahao Zhou, Shenxu Bao, Yimin Zhang, Bo Chen, Yu Liang, Wei Ding, Xiaochuan Hou, Siyuan Yang, Yang Ping
Summary: This study reports the synthesis of novel supported imidazolium-based difunctionalized ILs (SIBD-ILs) and their adsorption capacity for vanadium. The adsorbent, PS[C4mim][D2EHP], showed high adsorption capacity for V(V) and could be effectively desorbed and regenerated. PS[C4mim][D2EHP] also exhibited selective adsorption properties for vanadium in the presence of Fe(III) and Al(III) ions. The characterization of SIBD-ILs was also conducted.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Benjamin De Castro, Mostafa Benzaazoua, Soumali Roychowdhury, Aurelie Chopard, Francis Quintal Lauzon, Benoit Plante
Summary: This study proposes an innovative method using deep learning algorithm and reflected light optical imaging to automatically detect all particles and minerals in acrylic resin polished sections. The experimental results show that this method can accurately detect all mineral particles, including transparent minerals, under reflected light optical microscopy, and provide unbiased mineralogical quantification.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Qiushi Song, Xinyu Du, Changlu Shan, Hongwei Xie, Zhiqiang Ning, Kai Yu
Summary: This study investigated the effect of magnetic stirring on the microstructure of Co deposits during electrowinning in a chloride solution. It was found that magnetic stirring effectively reduced the negative influence of H2 bubbles on the structure of Co deposits and changed their nucleation and growth behavior, resulting in the preparation of high-quality columnar Co crystals.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Tao Ge, Xiaowei Zhou, Liang Xu, Yan Sun, Cheng Yang, Yongpan Tian, Zhuo Zhao
Summary: In this study, the extraction performance and complexation mechanism of p-di-ethyl-amino-methylthiacalix[4]arene (L) towards Pt(IV) were investigated. The results indicated that L had excellent complexation ability towards Pt(IV) and could selectively extract it from a solution containing multiple competing ions.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yuan Li, Dirk van Zyl
Summary: This paper presents a modified Kynch's approach to explain the hindered settling behavior of suspensions impacted by segregation. The experimental data and predicted results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yi Fang, Aurora Robledo-Cabrera, Changsheng Peng, Shan Huang, Qi Xiao, Alejandro Lopez-Valdivieso
Summary: With the assistance of mechanical ball milling, the partially oxidized micro-sponge iron (micro-Fe0@Fe2O3) achieves significantly improved removal of Cr(VI) across a broad pH range. Mechanical force eliminates the surface oxide layer and exposes the Fe0 core, leading to sustained reduction of Cr(VI). The efficiency of micro-Fe0@Fe2O3 is strongly influenced by dissolved oxygen, with higher DO resulting in the generation of stable reductant Fe(II) under acidic conditions, while DO consumption hinders the reduction of Cr(VI) under alkaline conditions due to increased pH. Parameters of ball milling operation, especially rotation speed, have a significant impact on the removal of Cr(VI).
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Alton F. Grabsch, Phillip D. Fawell, Michael G. Davies
Summary: High molecular weight partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide (PHPA) is commonly used in mineral exploration drilling to increase fluid viscosity and help maintain the suspension of fine particles. However, clarifying these suspensions can be difficult, and previous studies have found that anionic flocculants are ineffective. This study confirmed that nonionic flocculants can successfully aggregate the particles, indicating that the charged tails of adsorbed PHPA prevent anionic flocculants from accessing the particle surfaces.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
J. S. Guiral-Vega, L. Perez-Barnuevo, J. Bouchard, A. Ure, E. Poulin, C. Du Breuil
Summary: This paper introduces an approach that combines particle properties and process modeling to describe the behavior of iron ore in a laboratory-scale drum-type magnetic separator. Early information on iron ore processing behavior can be obtained through laboratory testing, automated mineralogy analysis, and process modeling.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Sayed Janishar Anzoom, Ghislain Bournival, Seher Ata
Summary: This review discusses the benefits and challenges of coarse particle flotation, as well as recent developments in improving the process. Coarse particle flotation has various applications and offers advantages in technical, economic, and sustainability aspects. However, it also faces challenges such as particle detachment, transfer between phases, and persistence in the froth phase. Technological advancements, such as fluidized-bed flotation and processes enhancing bubble-particle attachment, have shown promising results in efficiently recovering larger particles.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yimei Xiao, Jinchan Feng, Bingqiao Yang, Huihua Luo, Fang Zhou
Summary: In this study, the use of fulvic acid as a depressant for the flotation separation of chalcopyrite from arsenopyrite was investigated. It was found that fulvic acid strongly depressed arsenopyrite while having little influence on chalcopyrite flotation. The addition of calcium hypochlorite facilitated the adsorption of fulvic acid on arsenopyrite surface.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Bo Hao, Minqiang Fan
Summary: Particle-bubble attachment is crucial in coal and mineral flotation processes. In this study, the attachment process of low-rank coal particles to the bubble surface was simulated, revealing the important role of water film rupture in particle attachment.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Shuwei Wu, Shuai Wang, Guoqiang Wang, Longfei Fan, Jianbo Guo, Zhengbin Liu, Haoyan Zhang, Wei Guan, Yukuan Wang, Yewei Wu
Summary: This study analyzes the motion mode of eccentric roller crushers and proposes a calculation method for productivity. Through laboratory experiments, the results indicate that the proposed method can effectively estimate the productivity of eccentric roll crushers.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Hanna Miettinen, Malin Bomberg, Ozlem Bicak, Zafir Ekmekci, Paivi Kinnunen
Summary: Mineral processing requires large amounts of water, and reducing water consumption through recirculation and closing water loops is important. However, this can lead to the accumulation of contaminants in the process water, which can negatively affect the process performance. In this study, the impact of microorganisms on flotation performance was investigated, and ion exchange was evaluated for removing dissolved sulfur species and microorganisms from water. The results showed that adding microorganisms had a positive effect on flotation selectivity, especially for nickel. Different water types, process water and final tailings water, behaved slightly differently. Ion exchange proved to be effective in removing sulfur species and microorganisms, and dissolved air flotation was a successful pretreatment for ion exchange in removing microorganisms.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Canneng Chen, Song Zhang, Quanjun Liu, Luzheng Chen, Yongjun Xian, Yijie Wang
Summary: This study introduces the use of ultrasonic pretreatment to enhance the flotation separation of elemental sulfur and silver-bearing lead minerals from ultrafine residue. The results show that ultrasonic pretreatment effectively liberates associated sulfur and improves the separation of sulfur and silver-bearing lead minerals. Under optimized conditions, ultrasonic pretreatment significantly improves the recovery and grade of sulfur in the concentrate, as well as the recovery of lead and silver in the tailings.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Genzhuang Li, Fisher Wang, Bern Klein, Michael Deal, Aaron Wright, Hector Mezquita
Summary: This paper presents a stress-based approach for predicting and improving large-scale HIG mill performance through experimental testing and model calibration.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Runpeng Liao, Shuming Wen, Jian Liu, Shaojun Bai, Qicheng Feng
Summary: This study demonstrates that the use of a DDA/DDTC mixed collector system can significantly improve the flotation performance of smithsonite. The synergistic effect between DDA and DDTC is confirmed, and the mixed collector system contributes to a decrease in solution surface tension. The use of FT-IR and XPS confirms the simultaneous physisorption and chemisorption of DDA and DDTC on the smithsonite surface, and contact angle measurements show that the mixed collector effectively enhances the hydrophobicity of smithsonite. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the multilayer adsorption of DDTC and DDA on the smithsonite surface, with DDTC promoting the adsorption of DDA.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2024)
