Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Y. Cui, J. W. Xian, A. Zois, K. Marquardt, H. Yasuda, C. M. Gourlay
Summary: The factors affecting the nucleation and morphology of large Ag3Sn plates in solder joints are not well understood. This study investigates the faceted solidification of Ag3Sn and reveals transitions from single crystal plates to cyclic twinned plates and highly branched structures. Real-time X-ray imaging confirms that Ag3Sn cyclic twins originate from a common point during nucleation or the early stages of growth. Soldering to copper substrates catalyzes Ag3Sn nucleation through constitutional supercooling and geometrical catalysis.
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Yong-dian Han, Jia-hang Yang, Lian-yong Xu, Hong-yang Jing, Lei Zhao
Summary: The Cu/SAC/Ag-GNSs/Cu sandwich joints prepared under applied current density showed homogeneous dispersion of Ag-GNSs, providing more nucleation sites and refining grains, leading to enhanced shear strength and changes in fracture mechanism.
TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Ruyu Tian, Yanhong Tian, Yilong Huang, Dongsheng Yang, Cheng Chen, Huhao Sun
Summary: The study investigated the interfacial reactions, growth behavior of IMCs, and their effects on the mechanical properties of SAC305/ENEPIG and SAC305/ENIG solder joints under extreme temperature thermal shock. The results showed that the growth rate of IMCs in SAC305/ENEPIG joints was slower due to the inhibitory effect of the Pd(P) layer on the surface finish, resulting in higher shear force after thermal shock.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yuan Wang, Xiu-Chen Zhao, Ying Liu, Yong Wang, Dong-Mei Li
Summary: The research demonstrates that adding small amounts of cerium (Ce) to Sn-3.3Ag-0.2Cu-4.7Bi solder can refine the microstructure, increase wettability, and reduce the growth rate of interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) during thermal cycling.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hossein Madanipour, Yi-Ram Kim, Choong-Un Kim, Dibyajat Mishra, Patrick Thompson
Summary: This study reveals the extreme sensitivity of microstructure evolution in Sn-Ag-Cu micro-solder joint to electromigration conditions due to kinetic competition between the growth of Ni3S4 intermetallic compound and Sn electromigration. The microstructural analysis of samples tested at different conditions shows that voiding in the solder joint only develops fully when Sn electromigration rate is significantly greater than Ni3Sn4 growth rate.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Hiroaki Tatsumi, Seiji Kaneshita, Yuki Kida, Yuji Sato, Masahiro Tsukamoto, Hiroshi Nishikawa
Summary: A novel blue diode laser soldering system was constructed and compared with an infrared diode laser soldering system. The results showed that the blue laser was able to form joints at lower power and time compared to the infrared laser, and the joint impact strength was comparable between the two lasers.
JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
K. L. Meza-Alarcon, M. A. Quetzeri-Santiago, M. A. Neri-Flores, J. Antonio del Rio, J. R. Castrejon-Pita
Summary: In this study, the behavior and spreading dynamics of molten metallic alloy droplets were investigated. The impact behavior of five different solders was analyzed in terms of material and impact conditions. The results showed that the impact behavior could be well described by the splashing ratio and the maximum dynamic spreading contact angle. This study provides useful criteria for selecting the soldering injection speed and droplet size in industrial applications to prevent splashing during soldering or molten metal jetting.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Zeyu Yuan, Yujie He, Ruize Wu, Ming Xu, Jun Zhang, Yunqing Zhu, Qiaoli Wang, Weibin Xie, Huiming Chen
Summary: In this study, the addition of trace amount of rare earth Tb in Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu solder was found to delay the formation of IMCs and result in thinner IMC layers. The addition of 0.025 wt% Tb improved shear strength and wettability, while slowing down IMC growth, thus extending the reliability of the joint interface and the service life of the solder joint.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
He Gao, Wei Liu, Rong An, Chunjin Hang, Yanhong Tian
Summary: In this paper, the creep properties of nano-intermetallic compound (nano-IMC) mixed solder joints were studied using the nanoindentation method. The microstructure evolution, crack initiation, and 8-Sn grain recrystallization during thermal cycles were discussed. The results showed that the addition of nano-IMC increased the nano-(Cu, Ni)6Sn5 content in the mixed solder joints, which improved the creep resistance.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Anwesha Kanjilal, P. Ramesh Narayanan, M. Agilan, Praveen Kumar
Summary: This study investigates the effect of joint length scale on the creep behavior of Pb-free Sn-rich SAC 305 solder-Cu joints. The results show a systematic reduction in creep rate with a decrease in joint thickness. The creep mechanism and microstructural effects on the creep strengthening of the joints are discussed.
JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Duanzhi Duan, Feng Han, Jianjun Ding, Qijing Lin, Changsheng Li, Chenying Wang, Zhuangde Jiang
Summary: By using multilayer graphene-modified Cu-Sn-Ti composite solder alloy, the hardness of brazed diamond was improved and the erosion of diamonds during brazing was reduced successfully.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jia Sun, Huaxin Liang, Shaofu Sun, Juntao Hu, Chunyu Teng, Lingyan Zhao, Hailong Bai
Summary: In comparison to toxic Pb-based solders, the SAC family of alloys have strong reliability and are widely used in the electronics industry. This study investigated the formation mechanism of special microstructural patterns on the surface of SAC305 solder products. It was found that the patterns were Sn-rich and exhibited the characteristic morphology of spinodal decomposition. This discovery provides theoretical support for controlling the microstructure of solder alloys and improving product quality.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Bin Chen, Haozhong Wang, Minming Zou, Xiaowu Hu, Wenjing Chen, Xiongxin Jiang
Summary: In this study, composite solder was prepared by incorporating Cu-modified carbon nanotubes (Cu-CNT) into Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder powder, and its thermal behavior and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the addition of Cu-CNT increased the melting point, hardness, and modulus of the solder, and inhibited the growth of interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Furthermore, adding Cu-CNT improved the shear strength of the solder joints and changed the fracture mode.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yubin Kang, Jin-Ju Choi, Dae-Guen Kim, Hyun-Woo Shim
Summary: This study investigated the effects of adding Bi and Zn on the mechanical properties of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free alloy. The results showed that adding Bi and Zn could increase the tensile strength of the alloy while decreasing its electrical conductivity and elongation at break. It was found that adding Bi could reduce the activation energy required for the formation of intermetallic compounds, while adding Zn could refine the grain structure.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yuanyuan Qiao, Hongwei Liang, Ning Zhao
Summary: The orientation transformation of Cu6Sn5 grains in Cu/Sn-xAg/Cu micro solder joints under temperature gradient was investigated, and it was found that the transformation significantly depended on the Ag content. The results provide guidelines for improving the reliability of micro joints for 3D packaging or high temperature applications by discussing the combined effect of Ag solid solution and Ag3Sn absorbates on the orientation transformation.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Keyu Zhu, Xitao Zheng, Jing Peng, Jiaming Sun, Ruilin Huang, Leilei Yan
Summary: This paper discusses the influence of multiple impacts on the compression strength of honeycomb sandwich structures with composite face sheets. It is found that the size of the impactor affects the turning point of the compression strength. Additionally, high impact energy leads to damage in the bottom face sheet and reduces the overall compression strength.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Danqian Wang, Yanfei Yue, Jueshi Qian
Summary: Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement (MKPC) as a binder for steel rebars shows improved corrosion resistance when subjected to carbonation, due to the increase in pH and the formation of a more protective oxide film.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhibin Li, Wenyu Wang, Pengcheng Xue, Xingyu Wei, Jian Xiong
Summary: This work proposes a design approach and manufacturing method for carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) corrugated sandwich truncated cones (CSTC) to improve their anti-debonding ability and ensure reliability. The study establishes theoretical models for CSTCs' stiffness and failure modes, which are verified through experiments and finite element analysis (FEA). The research reveals the effect of geometric parameters on failure modes and performs an optimal design for CSTC structures. The findings have significant implications for the design and application of lightweight CSTCs in constructions, such as launch vehicle adapters.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mingyu Zhang, Lei Chu, Jiahua Chen, Fuxun Qi, Xiaoyan Li, Xinliang Chen, Deng-Guang Yu
Summary: This review summarizes the different structures and construction methods of fibrous membranes with asymmetric wettability. It also reviews the biological applications of these membranes and suggests future challenges.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
E. Mofakhami, L. Gervat, B. Fayolle, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Ovalle, L. Laiarinandrasana
Summary: This study investigates the effects of fibre concentration on the mechanical response of welded glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene (GF-PP). Experimental observations reveal a significant reduction in weld ratio, up to 60%, indicating a decreased strength compared to the bulk material. Increasing fibre content in the welded material results in a decrease in stress at break and strain at the maximum stress. The use of DIC technique and X-ray microtomography further confirms the localized strain amplification in the welded zone due to the significant increase in fibre density.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Emad Pourahmadi, Farjad Shadmehri, Rajamohan Ganesan
Summary: This research compares the mechanical properties of laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement and conventional autoclave curing methods. The results show that laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement have a lower interlaminar shear strength compared to laminates reconsolidated using autoclave curing. A finite element simulation method is proposed to quantitatively analyze these differences.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Johnny Jakobsen, Benny Endelt, Fahimeh Shakibapour
Summary: This study proposes a new bolted/pinned joining method for composite applications, which improves load transfer by introducing a patch-type reinforcement. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in both static and fatigue load conditions compared to existing methods. Finite element simulations highlight the advantage of this method, as it creates a more efficient load-transferring mechanism through different stress distributions.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Gisele G. Cintra, Janine D. Vieira, Daniel C. T. Cardoso, Thomas Keller
Summary: This paper proposes a novel approach to assess multi-crack behavior in layered fiber-polymer composites. The generated Compliance and R-curves provide useful insights into understanding the multiple delamination process and allow for separate evaluation of strain energy release rate (SERR) for each crack. The developed cohesive zone model successfully simulates the failure process zone of three parallel cracks, showing good agreement between the numerical model and experimental results.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Renil Thomas Kidangan, Sreedhar Unnikrishnakurup, C. Krishnamurthy, Krishnan Balasubramaniam
Summary: The induction heating process can accurately identify fiber orientation and stacking order, making it a valuable tool for large-area inspection and quality control in manufacturing fiber-reinforced composites.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sungjun Hwang, Yousoo Han, Douglas J. Gardner
Summary: Bleached Kraft pulp, unbleached Kraft pulp, and old corrugated cardboard pulp are suitable for producing cellulose nanofibril suspensions. Spray drying is a fast, simple, cost-effective, and scalable drying method. Spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils can be used as reinforcing materials in polypropylene matrices. The particle size of cellulose nanofibrils affects the material properties.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mehdi Mahdavi, Abbas Zolfaghari
Summary: This study aims to improve the recovery forces of shape memory polymers (SMPs) through material extrusion additive manufacturing. By using glass fiber (GF) as reinforcement and manufacturing multi-layer composite specimens, it was found that PLA with 6.62% GF exhibited the best recovery force, which was further optimized through annealing heat treatment.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Xiang Ao, Antonio Vazquez-Lopez, Davide Mocerino, Carlos Gonzalez, De-Yi Wang
Summary: The vulnerability of natural fibers to heat and fire poses a significant challenge for their substitution of traditional fiber reinforcements in composite materials. Natural fiber/polymer composites (NFCs) are regarded as potential candidates for engineering applications due to their environmental friendliness and low-impact sourcing. Thus, appropriate approaches need to be implemented to enhance the fire safety of NFCs. This review summarizes and discusses the latest understanding of flammability and thermal properties of natural fibers, with a special focus on their interaction with polymer matrix in fire behavior. Additionally, the latest developments in flame-retardant approaches for NFCs are reviewed, covering both flame retardancy and fire structural integrity. Finally, future prospects and perspectives on fire safety of NFCs are proposed, providing insights into further advancements of NFCs.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Cheng Wang, Siqi Huo, Guofeng Ye, Bingtao Wang, Zhenghong Guo, Qi Zhang, Pingan Song, Hao Wang, Zhitian Liu
Summary: The demand for multifunctional, transparent epoxy resin with superior dielectric, mechanical, and fire-safety performances is increasing in modern industries. Researchers have developed an epoxidized, phosphaphenanthrene-containing poly(styrene butadiene styrene) (ESD) for advanced fire-safe epoxy resin, which maintains high transparency and improves UV-blocking property. The addition of 10 wt% ESD results in improved mechanical properties, decreased dielectric constant and loss, and outperformance compared to other fire-safe epoxy resins. This research provides an effective method for developing multifunctional flame-retardant epoxy resin.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Bo Pang, Heping Zheng, Zuquan Jin, Dongshuai Hou, Yunsheng Zhang, Xiaoyun Song, Yanan Sun, Zhiyong Liu, Wei She, Lin Yang, Mengyuan Li
Summary: This study develops an internal superhydrophobic material (ISM) using waste denitrification fly ash, which maintains stable hydrophobicity under harsh conditions of use and does not rely on expensive fluor-based surface modifications. The synthesized ISM has excellent matrix strength, strong waterproof properties, and retains superhydrophobicity even at damaged or friction interfaces.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Meirbek Mussatayev, Qiuji Yi, Mark Fitzgerald, Vincent K. Maes, Paul Wilcox, Robert Hughes
Summary: Real-time monitoring of carbon fibre composites during Automated Fibre Placement (AFP) manufacturing remains a challenge for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. This study designed a directional eddy-current (EC) probe to evaluate the detectability of out-of-plane wrinkles. Experimental evaluations and finite element modeling were conducted to better understand the relationship between eddy-current density and defect detection. The findings suggest that the probe configuration with an asymmetric driver coil and differential pickup coils shows the best capability for wrinkle detection.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)