期刊
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
卷 930, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6736
关键词
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资金
- Academia Sinica
- Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496, 315721]
- Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile [NCN19_058]
- Fondecyt [1221421]
- Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung
- Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship
- Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands
- NL astronomy research network NOVA
- University of Amsterdam
- Leiden University
- Radboud University
- John Templeton Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- Chandra [DD7-18089X, TM6-17006X]
- China Scholarship Council
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowship [2020M671266]
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356]
- Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia [P18-FR1769]
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [2019AEP112]
- Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute
- Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417, IN112820]
- Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award [639.043.513, OCENW.KLEIN.113]
- Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO Grant) [2021.013]
- EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
- European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes [610058]
- European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement RadioNet [730562]
- European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement M2FINDERS [101018682]
- Generalitat Valenciana [APOSTD/2018/177, CIDEGENT/2018/021]
- MICINN Research Project [PID2019-108995GB-C22]
- European Research Council for advanced grant 'JETSET: Launching, propagation and emission of relativistic jets from binary mergers and across mass scales' [884631]
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV
- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn
- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Cologne
- DFG research grant Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond [FR 4069/21]
- Simons Foundation
- Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) [JPMXP1020200109]
- Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]
- Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan
- Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBSLY-SLH011]
- Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG)
- Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG
- CAS
- MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007]
- Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) [FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6]
- MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds
- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [103-2119-M-001-010-MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025MY3, 106-2119-M-001-027, 106-2923-M-001005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119M-001-041, 107-2119-M-110-005, 107-2923-M-001-009, 1082112-M-001-048, 108-2112-M-001-051]
- The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [108-2923-M-001002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124-M-001-005, 105-2119-M-001-042, 106-2112-M-001-011, 1062119-M-001-013, 109-2923M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007-MY2, 110-2112-M-001033, 110-2124-M-001-007, 110-2923-M-001-001]
- Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC20K1567, 80NSSC20K0527, 80NSSC20K0645]
- NASA Hubble Fellowship grant - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51431.001-A]
- NASA [NAS5-26555]
- National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702]
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704]
- The National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST-1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306]
- NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship [AST1903847]
- Natural Science Foundation of China [11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China
- National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, 2019H1D3A1A01102564, 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255]
- Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships
- Swedish Research Council [2017-00648]
- Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development
- Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science)
- Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PGC2018-098915B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21]
- University of Pretoria
- Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch
- State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award [SEV-2017-0709]
- Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]
- South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) [77948]
- Toray Science Foundation
- Swedish Research Council (VR)
- US Departmentof Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory
- National Nuclear Security Administrationof the USDOE [89233218CNA000001]
- YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship
- Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725]
- Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China
- Smithsonian Institution
- A National Key Research and Development Program of China [2017YFA0402700]
- A Natural Science Foundation of China [11873028]
- Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK)
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France)
- MPG (Max-PlanckGesellschaft, Germany)
- IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain)
- State of Arizona
- National Science Foundation [OPP-1852617, OAC-1818253, ACI-1548562, DBI0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442]
- Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago
- Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center through the Frontera Large-Scale Community Partnerships allocation [AST20023]
- U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science
- Compute Ontario
- CalculQuebec
- ComputeCanada
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255, 2019H1D3A1A01102564] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
This paper quantifies the temporal variability and image morphology of the horizon-scale emission from Sgr A* observed by the EHT in 2017. It finds that the data exhibit significant variability exceeding uncertainties and scattering effects. Geometric ring models provide better fits to the data, and the diameter and thickness of the ring are determined through modeling and image-domain analysis techniques.
In this paper we quantify the temporal variability and image morphology of the horizon-scale emission from Sgr A*, as observed by the EHT in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. We find that the Sgr A* data exhibit variability that exceeds what can be explained by the uncertainties in the data or by the effects of interstellar scattering. The magnitude of this variability can be a substantial fraction of the correlated flux density, reaching similar to 100% on some baselines. Through an exploration of simple geometric source models, we demonstrate that ring-like morphologies provide better fits to the Sgr A* data than do other morphologies with comparable complexity. We develop two strategies for fitting static geometric ring models to the time-variable Sgr A* data; one strategy fits models to short segments of data over which the source is static and averages these independent fits, while the other fits models to the full data set using a parametric model for the structural variability power spectrum around the average source structure. Both geometric modeling and image-domain feature extraction techniques determine the ring diameter to be 51.8 +/- 2.3 mu as (68% credible intervals), with the ring thickness constrained to have an FWHM between similar to 30% and 50% of the ring diameter. To bring the diameter measurements to a common physical scale, we calibrate them using synthetic data generated from GRMHD simulations. This calibration constrains the angular size of the gravitational radius to be 4.8(-0.7)(+1.4) mu as, which we combine with an independent distance measurement from maser parallaxes to determine the mass of Sgr A* to be 4.0(-0.6)(+1.1) x 10(6) M-circle dot.
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