Characterization of quadrupole mass filters operated with frequency-asymmetric and amplitude-asymmetric waveforms

Since their introduction, digital quadrupole mass spectrometers have described by analogy to traditional sinusoidal devices. However, digital quadrupoles exhibit unique behaviors and simplify many complex ion handling operations due to their uniquely flexible control over the frequency, duty cycle and amplitude of applied potentials. Matrix solutions to the Hill differential equation are used to explore the effects of these additional degrees of freedom on ion stability. Two parameters are explored: varying the frequency ratio of the applied potentials introduces a predictable number of bands of instability to the stability diagram. Varying the amplitude ratio of the applied potentials tunes the width of those unstable bands. Stability diagrams governing a digital mass filter employing asymmetric driving potentials to generate an arbitrary number of pass bands of adjustable width are systematically described. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.