The Saturation Effect of Body Mass Index on Bone Mineral Density for People Over 50 Years Old: A Cross-Sectional Study of the US Population

Background: Previous studies had revealed that Body Mass Index (BMI) positively affected Bone Mineral Density (BMD). However, an excessively high BMI was detrimental to health, especially for the elderly. Moreover, it was elusive how much BMI was most beneficial for BMD in older adults to maintain. Objective: To investigate whether there was a BMI saturation effect value that existed to maintain optimal BMD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the datasets of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2013-2014, and 2017-2018. After adjusting for covariates, an analysis of the association between BMI and BMD in different femoral regions (Total femur, Femoral neck, Trochanter, Intertrochanter, and Ward's triangle) and lumbar spine regions (Total spine, L1, L2, L3, and L4) in the whole population was performed using the multivariate linear regression models, smoothing curve fitting, and saturation effects analysis models. Then, subgroup analyses were performed according to gender, age, and race. Results: A total of 10,910 participants (5,654 males and 5,256 females) over 50 years were enrolled in this population-based study. Multivariate linear regression analyses in the population older than 50 years showed that BMI was positively associated with femoral BMD and lumbar spine BMD (P < 0.001, respectively). Smoothing curve fitting showed that the relationship between BMI and BMD was not simply linear and that a saturation value existed. The saturation effect analysis showed that the BMI saturation value was 26.13 (kg/m(2)) in the total femur, 26.82 (kg/m(2)) in the total spine, and showed site-specificity in L1 (31.90 kg/m(2)) and L2 (30.89 kg/m(2)). The saturation values were consistent with the whole participants in males, while there was high variability in the females. BMI saturation values remained present in subgroup analyses by age and race, showing specificity in some age (60-70 years old) groups and in some races. Conclusions: Our study showed a saturation value association between BMI and BMD for people over 50 years old. Keeping the BMI in the slightly overweight value (around 26 kg/m(2)) might reduce other adverse effects while obtaining optimal BMD.

Automated summary

In individuals over 50 years old, there is a positive association between BMI and BMD, with a non-linear relationship and saturation value. Maintaining a slightly overweight BMI (around 26 kg/m(2)) may help reduce other adverse effects while obtaining optimal BMD. The saturation values remain consistent in males but varied in females, and also showed specificity in subgroup analyses by age and race.