Dissolvable Polymer Valves for Sweat Chrono-Sampling in Wearable Paper-Based Analytical Devices

Paper sensors with colorimetric signal transduction mechanisms are promising for developing single-use wearable patches that only require a smartphone to quantify signals. However, measuring biomarker fluctuations with colorimetric wearable sensors requires implementing a chrono-sampling method for performing sequential measurements. In this article, we report on a chrono-sampling method that enables the fabrication of wearable devices made entirely of filter paper. It consists of using dried polymers as closed valves that deflect the flow of liquids to different transducers of a multisensor. As time passes by, the polymer dissolves and the valve opens. The sequential opening of the valves results in a succession of measurements that reveals fluctuations in the concentration of the target analyte. This concept was demonstrated with a paper multisensor capable of performing nine consecutive pH measurements. The device was also adapted for developing a urea biosensor that detects pH measurements generated by the hydrolysis of the analyte catalyzed by urease. The proposed analytical platform could monitor the pH of sweat with an accuracy and precision comparable to a laboratory-based method when worn during an exercise routine. The results shown here pave the way for developing colorimetric wearable biosensors that measure variations in the concentration of biomarkers such as glucose, lactate, creatinine, or uric acid over time.

Automated summary

This article presents a chrono-sampling method for fabricating wearable devices made entirely of filter paper. The method uses dried polymers as valves to control the flow of liquids for sequential measurements. The concept was demonstrated with a paper multisensor capable of performing nine consecutive pH measurements and a urea biosensor. The proposed analytical platform can monitor the pH of sweat with accuracy and precision comparable to a laboratory-based method.