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The Telemedicine-Based Pediatric Examination of the Neck and Upper Limbs: A Narrative Review

期刊

JOURNAL OF PAIN RESEARCH
卷 14, 期 -, 页码 3173-3192

出版社

DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD
DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S336168

关键词

telehealth; telemedicine; eHealth; pediatric; musculoskeletal; evaluation

资金

  1. Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation
  2. Louise and Alan Edwards Foundation

向作者/读者索取更多资源

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of telemedicine, with a focus in the literature mainly on adult populations. This review summarizes the current state of literature on telemedicine for musculoskeletal examinations in children aged 3 to 18, highlighting the reliability of remote examinations.
With the COVID-19 pandemic hastening the adoption of telemedicine into clinical practice, it has also prompted an abundance of new literature highlighting its capabilities and limitations. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of the literature on telemedicine applied in the context of a musculoskeletal examination of the neck and upper limbs for children 3 to 18 years old. The PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched for relevant articles from January 2015 to August 2021 using a combination of keywords and nested searches. General examination components including inspection, guided self-palpation, range of motion, sensory and motor examination, as well as special testing are described. Although the literature is focused mainly on adult populations, we describe how each component of the exam can be reliably incorporated into a virtual appointment specific to pediatric patients. Caregivers are generally needed for most con-sultations, but certain maneuvers can be self-performed by older children and adolescents alone. There is general feasibility, validity, and substantial reliability in performing most examination components of the upper limbs remotely, except for the shoulder exam. Compared to those made in person, clinical diagnoses established virtually were found to be either the same or similar in most cases, and management decisions also had high agreement. Despite this, there is evidence that some pediatric providers may not be able to collect all the information needed from a telemedicine visit to make a complete clinical assessment. Lastly, currently available smartphone applications measuring joint range of motion were found to have high reliability and validity. This narrative review not only establishes a foundation for a structured pediatric musculoskeletal examination, but also aims to increase physicians' confidence in incorporating telemedicine into their standard of care.

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