Enzymatically-gellable galactosylated chitosan: Hydrogel characteristics and hepatic cell behavior

The influence of contents of galactose and phenolic hydroxyl (Ph) groups incorporated into chitosan was investigated on characteristics of the chitosan derivatives and the resultant gels as well as HepG2 cell attachment and growth behaviors. Introduction of galactose groups increased the solubility of the chitosan derivatives. The gelation time decreased with increasing content of Ph groups in the chitosan derivatives. The increase of galactose groups incorporated at a fixed content of Ph groups improved mechanical properties of the resultant gels. In vitro degradation rate of the resultant gels decreased by increasing Ph groups and decreasing galactose groups incorporated into the chitosan derivatives. The HepG2 cells formed dense spheroid cell clusters when the galactose groups were absent or incorporated at high level into chitosan (13.8 mol%). However, the cells exhibited spreading morphology with spheroid formation on the gels containing 1.1 and 5.2 mol% galactose groups. The albumin secretion level on a cellular basis also increased considerably when the galactose groups increased to 13.8 mol%. The results demonstrated the potential of the chitosan derivative hydrogels for liver tissue engineering applications. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.