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Endogenous nitric oxide and its potential sources regulate glutathione-induced cadmium stress tolerance in maize plants

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2021)

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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

卷 167, 期 -, 页码 723-737

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ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER

DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.030

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Cadmium stress; Antioxidants; Maize; Glutathione; Nitric oxide; Nitrate reductase

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Plant Sciences

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King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [RSP-2021/180]

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The study showed that glutathione (GSH) can reduce oxidative stress and tissue cadmium content, while improving growth, altering water relations, and increasing the activities of key enzymes in cadmium-stressed maize plants. Nitrate reductase (NR) may serve as a potential source of nitric oxide (NO) generated by GSH, accelerating the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

It was aimed to assess that up to what extent endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and its sources are involved in glutathione (GSH)-mediated tolerance of maize plants to cadmium (Cd) stress. The Cd-stressed maize plants were sprayed with or without GSH (1.0 mM) once every week for two weeks. Before initiating the stress treatment, the Cd-stressed plants sprayed with GSH were supplied with or without 0.1 mM, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO; a NO scavenger) for two weeks or with 0.1 mM sodium tungstate (ST; a nitrate reductase inhibitor), or 0.1 mM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME). Cadmium stress suppressed the activities of dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glyoxalase II, while increased leaf NO, Cadmium content, proline, oxidative stress, the activities of glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, the key enzymes of oxidative defense system, glyoxalase I, NR and NOS. GSH reduced oxidative stress and tissue Cd2+ content, but it improved growth, altered water relations, and additionally increased proline levels, activities of the AsA-GSH cycle, key enzymatic antioxidants, glyoxalase I and II, NR and NOS as well as NO content. The cPTIO and ST supplementation abolished the beneficial effects of GSH by reducing the activities of NO and NR. However, L-NAME did not retreat the favorable effects of GSH, although it reduced the NOS activity without eliminating NO content, suggesting that NR might be a prospective source of NO generated by GSH in Cd-stressed plants, which in turn accelerated the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

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The Loss of Function of the NODULE INCEPTION-Like PROTEIN 7 Enhances Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis Seedlings

Quang Tri Le, Won Je Lee, Jun Ho Choi, Dinh Thanh Nguyen, Hai An Truong, Sang-A Lee, Suk-Whan Hong, Hojoung Lee

Summary: The loss-of-function mutant of the transcription factor NLP7, which regulates the primary response to nitrate, exhibits salt tolerance and a balanced accumulation of nitrate anions and sodium cations. The mutant shows reduced stress response, lower levels of marker genes, and less accumulation of proline, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species under high salinity. However, it also accumulates more sodium ions in the shoots and has higher nitrate levels compared to the wild type. These findings suggest that targeting nitrate metabolism and signaling could improve salt tolerance.

FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE (2022)