Comparing the deep root growth and water uptake of intermediate wheatgrass (Kernza (R)) to alfalfa

Aims Perennial crops with more extensive and deep root systems could access deep stored water and build resilience to water shortage. In the context of human nutrition, perennial grain crops are very interesting. However, it is still questionable whether they are effective in using subsoil water. We compared intermediate wheatgrass (Kernza (R)) Thinopyrum intermedium, a perennial grain crop, to alfalfa Medicago sativa, a forage crop, for subsoil root growth and water uptake. Alfalfa was chosen because of its deep root system and agronomical interest as a companion crop. Methods Using TDR sensors, deuterium tracer labelling, minirhizotrons and the Hydrus-1D model we characterised the root distribution and water uptake patterns of these two perennial crops during two cropping seasons under field conditions down to 2.5 m soil depth. Results Both crops grew roots down to 2.0 m depth that were active in water uptake but alfalfa was deeper rooted than intermediate wheatgrass. All experimental methods concluded that alfalfa used more water from below 1.0 m depth than intermediate wheatgrass. However, simulations predicted that intermediate wheatgrass used more than 20 mm of water after anthesis from below 1 m soil depth. Simulations confirmed the advantage of deep roots in accessing deep soil water under drought. Conclusions In regions with high groundwater recharge, growing deep-rooted perennial crops have great potential to exploit deep soil water that is often left unused. However, the road to a profitable perennial grain crop is still long and breeding intermediate wheatgrass (Kernza (R)) cultivars for increased root growth at depth seems to be a worthy investment for the development of more drought tolerant cultivars.

Automated summary

This study compared the root growth and water uptake capacity of intermediate wheatgrass and alfalfa, two perennial crops. The results showed that alfalfa had deeper root systems and extracted more water from below 1.0 m soil depth. However, simulations demonstrated that intermediate wheatgrass utilized more than 20 mm of water from below 1 m soil depth after flowering. Therefore, growing deep-rooted perennial crops has the potential to utilize deep soil water that is often left unused.