Grape seed tannin extract and polyunsaturated fatty acids affect in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production

Condensed tannins (CT), one of the most ubiquitous compounds in the plant kingdom, can modulate ruminal nutrient metabolism. Objectives were to study potential interactions of CT and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal fermentation, biohydrogenation (BH), and methane production. Ruminal fluid obtained from lactating Holstein Friesian cows was used. All experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design with the same mixed diet: control (60:40 forage:concentrate) without supplement (CON), 2.5% soybean oil (SBO), and SBO + grape seed tannin extract (GSTE) at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% dietary DM (ST0.2, ST0.4, ST0.6, and ST0.8, respectively). Compared with CON (84.7 mM), total VFA concentration was not affected by SBO, but decreased (P < 0.001) with ST0.8 vs. ST0.6 (75.3 vs. 78.3 mM). Relative to CON, methane production was depressed (P < 0.001) by 17.7% and 28.0% in ST0.4 and ST0.8. The highest (P < 0.001) mean concentrations of c9,t11 CLA and C18:1 t11 were observed with ST0.4 compared with CON, but there was no difference between SBO and CT-containing diets. Disappearance of C18:2 c9,c12 was 49.1% vs. 50.3% in CON vs. SBO, whereas it ranged from 39.9% to 46.3% in CT-containing diets after 2 h incubation (P < 0.001). Concentrations of c9,t11 CLA with supplemental SBO and ST0.8 nearly peaked (P < 0.001) at 2 h incubation, but this fatty acid peaked (P > 0.05) at 6 h incubation and remained higher (P < 0.001; 15.9-17.0 mu g/mL) at 24 h incubation with ST0.2, ST0.4, and ST0.6 compared with other diets (13.5-14.5 mu g/mL). Compared with CON (50.6 mu g/mL), concentration of C18:1 t11 with SBO and CT-containing diets reached a peak (P < 0.001; 241-265 mu g/mL) at 12 h incubation. Concentration of C18:0 was 171%-231% higher (P < 0.001) with SBO and CT relative to CON at 24 h incubation. Overall, these results demonstrated that PUFA in SBO are more effective in modulating ruminal BH and CH4 production when combined with CT. However, high doses of added CT can reduce ruminal VFA concentration. Thus, a level of 0.4% GSTE added to diets containing 2.5% PUFA from plant origin might be suitable for optimizing ruminal fermentation and BH of C18:2 c9,c12 to fatty acid intermediates that could have beneficial effects to human health. Feeding 0.4% grape seed tannin extract plus 2.5% soybean oil is suitable for optimizing in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production, and formation of fatty acid intermediates. Lay Summary Condensed tannins can modulate methane emissions and ruminal biohydrogenation, but effects depend on type and dose. We used an in vitro fermentation system to investigate the effect of increasing doses (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% dry matter) of grape tannin seed extract (GSTE) in a diet supplemented at 2.5% dry matter with soybean oil on methane production and biohydrogenation. Feeding soybean oil and GSTE at 0.6% and 0.8% reduced content of ruminal volatile fatty acids. Methane production (mL/g dry matter) was lower in the diet containing GSTE at 0.4%. Inclusion of GSTE at 0.2% and 0.4% increased concentration of C18:2 c9,c112, C18:3n3, c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acids after 24 h of incubation. The present findings contribute to a better understanding of the effect of condensed tannins from grape seed extract on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation.

Automated summary

The study shows that PUFA in SBO combined with CT are effective in modulating ruminal BH and CH4 production, but high doses of added CT can reduce ruminal VFA concentration. A level of 0.4% GSTE added to diets containing 2.5% PUFA from plant origin may optimize ruminal fermentation and BH of C18:2 c9,c12 to fatty acid intermediates. Adding 0.4% grape seed tannin extract with 2.5% soybean oil is suitable for improving in vitro ruminal fermentation and BH.