Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Robert Otto, Vegard Brotan, Patricia A. Carvalho, Magnus Reiersen, Joachim S. Graff, Martin F. Sunding, Olav Asebo Berg, Spyros Diplas, Amin S. Azar
Summary: Introducing a new alloy for additive manufacturing requires iterative builds to avoid micro-cracks.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Zhengkai Xu, Ganesh Kumar Meenashisundaram, Fern Lan Ng
Summary: Additive manufacturing techniques, particularly Binder Jetting, offer alternative methods for fabricating crack-free hard metals. In this study, high-density crack-free WC-45Cr-18Ni parts were successfully fabricated using Binder Jetting and sintering at a temperature of 1350 degrees C, achieving excellent properties for potential applications in high-temperature environments requiring corrosion, oxidation, and wear resistance.
VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPING
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Aziz Ul Hassan Mohsan, Dongbin Wei
Summary: Additive manufacturing has greatly contributed to the development of manufacturing technology, especially in the field of metal additive manufacturing. PBF-LB/M of tantalum shows potential for biomedical applications and has been the focus of research.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Moganapriya Chinnasamy, Rajasekar Rathanasamy, Biswajit Samanta, Samir Kumar Pal, Sathish Kumar Palaniappan, Roja Rani Korrayi, Padmakumar Muthuswamy, Shibayan Roy
Summary: This study evaluates the effect of cryogenic treatment on the hardness and wear resistance of WC-6%Co rock cutting bits. The results show that cryogenic treatment increases the hardness and wear resistance of the cutting bits and reduces the fraction of the b-Co phase. Cryo-treated bits also exhibit higher coefficient of friction compared to untreated bits.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Florian Huber, Michael Rasch, Michael Schmidt
Summary: In this study, the effects of PBF-LB/M process parameters and exposure strategies on the fusion of high-melting elements in a Ti-matrix were investigated. It was found that adjusting the process strategies is crucial for achieving complete dissolution of high-melting alloying elements, with a significant decrease in unmolten particles and successful fusion observed for certain parameter combinations.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tobias Schwanekamp, Andreas Mueller, Martin Reuber, Hany Gobran, Nabil Gdoura, Sebastian von Cetto
Summary: L-PBF has the potential for designing complex part geometries. Tungsten heavy alloys are used for special applications, but L-PBF of these alloys faces challenges due to their specific properties. The effect of L-PBF parameters and thermal post-treatment on the material microstructure has been studied.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Thibaut Perrin, Sofiane Achache, Pierre-Jean Meausoone, Frederic Sanchette
Summary: The tungsten carbide doped NiCrBSi coatings deposited on steel agricultural knives using Laser Cladding technology significantly improve the tools' lifespan. The stability of coating hardness is observed when carbide powder content is between 35% and 60%, with a significant increase at 70%. Finer particle size of the carbide powder results in lower cutting-edge wear and mass loss.
SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
I. Yu Buravlev, O. O. Shichalin, E. K. Papynov, A. Golub, E. A. Gridasova, A. A. Buravleva, V. Yu Yagofarov, M. Dvornik, A. N. Fedorets, V. P. Reva, A. A. Yudakov, V. Sergienko
Summary: This paper presents a method for producing a high-quality hard alloy using unique research methods and SPS consolidation technique, achieving high density, hardness, and bending strength in a short processing time.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Simon Bergmueller, Josef Scheiber, Lukas Kaserer, Gerhard Leichtfried
Summary: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of dual laser (DL) powder bed fusion (PBF) combined with in situ heat treatment (HT) in promoting the formation of equiaxed grains in high-carbon high-speed steel. The overlapping of melting and heating laser beams significantly affects the solidification microstructure, resulting in a fine-grained equiaxed microstructure with exceptional mechanical properties. The study also shows that DL-PBF can reduce the temperature required for in situ HT.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Manufacturing
H. R. Kotadia, G. Gibbons, A. Das, P. D. Howes
Summary: Additive manufacturing of metallic alloys has gained significant interest in the past two decades, particularly in aerospace and automotive applications. However, the development of AM with Al-alloys has been slow, with current research focusing on AlSiMg-based alloys and AlMgSc alloys, facing challenges and obstacles.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
A. Luddecke, O. Pannitz, H. Zetzener, J. T. Sehrt, A. Kwade
Summary: Coating metal alloy powders with nanoparticles can improve additive manufacturing processes and enhance material quality and energy absorption. The coating process conducted within a fluidized bed system results in homogeneous coatings, showing potential to improve performance of commercial AM powders.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mohsen Saremi Ghareh Gol, Abolfazl Malti, Farshad Akhlaghi
Summary: Al-WC nanocomposites with different percentages (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) of WC nanoparticles were prepared using flake powder metallurgy. The nanocomposites were characterized using XRD, FESEM, and OM. The wear rate and friction coefficient of the samples were measured using a pin on disk wear testing machine. It was found that adding WC nanoparticles up to 0.4 vol% improved the density and hardness of the nanocomposites, resulting in enhanced wear resistance and frictional behavior. SEM analysis showed a transition from adhesive to abrasive wear mechanism with increased nano-particle content.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Dominic Bartels, Tobias Novotny, Oliver Hentschel, Florian Huber, Ruslana Mys, Carsten Merklein, Michael Schmidt
Summary: This study investigates the design and modification of low-alloyed steel for laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) process by adding carbon black (C) nanoparticles and tungsten carbide (WC) particles. The results show that increasing the carbon and tungsten carbide content can enhance material hardness but adversely affect the processability. However, post-process heat treatments can achieve the desired hardness for specific applications. Additionally, the addition of tungsten carbide particles significantly improves wear resistance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhiwei Wang, Yu Bian, Junjie Ni, Xiaoqiang Li, Yue Xu, Yuxuan Shao, Jinming Zhen, Liping Cai, Laima Luo
Summary: The tribological and electrochemical corrosion behaviors of copper matrix composites (CMCs) reinforced by different morphology of in-situ tungsten carbide were investigated in this study. It was found that the mesh-structured WC is more beneficial to the wear resistance of CMCs compared to granular and lumpy tungsten carbide. Despite its tendency to induce electrochemical corrosion, the novel findings provide a method to improve the wear resistance of CMCs.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Ali Can Kaya, Metin U. Salamci, Claudia Fleck
Summary: Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF LB/M) allows for the fabrication of complex structures without the need for tools or molds. The building orientation is a significant issue for these structures, and the orientation of the melt pools has a significant impact on the deformation behavior of the PBF LB/M specimens. The building direction shows significant influence on the deformation mechanisms of the PBF LB/M steels, which may be a significant issue for complex shape specimens.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Vasile Cojocaru, Doina Frunzaverde, Dorian Nedelcu, Calin-Octavian Miclosina, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: This study investigated the impact of printing orientation angle on the tensile behavior of specimens made by material jetting, revealing that the positioning of components at different angles relative to the X-axis of the printer affects the anisotropic behavior of the material.
MATERIALE PLASTICE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Roxana Muntean, Dragos-Toader Pascal, Norbert Kazamer, Gabriela Marginean, Viorel-Aurel Serban
Summary: The study aimed to investigate the tribological behavior of high-temperature vacuum-brazed WC-Co-NiP functional coatings on case hardening steel. The results showed that surface properties of the material played an important role in the wear rate.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Costel-Relu Ciubotariu, Doina Frunzaverde, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: Flame-sprayed NiCrBSi/WC-12Co composite coatings were deposited on stainless steel surface in different ratios, and oxyacetylene flame remelting treatment was applied. The performance of the coatings in cavitation erosion and electrochemical corrosion was evaluated. The results showed that an appropriate amount of WC-12Co improved cavitation erosion resistance without affecting corrosion resistance, while excessive WC-Co content led to deterioration of coating properties and worsened corrosion behavior.
Article
Polymer Science
Doina Frunzaverde, Vasile Cojocaru, Costel-Relu Ciubotariu, Calin-Octavian Miclosina, Deian Dorel Ardeljan, Emil Florin Ignat, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: Previous research rarely considered the influence of filament color on the FFF process parameters and the quality of printed PLA parts. In this study, natural and black-colored PLA filaments were used to investigate the effects of color on dimensional accuracy, tensile strength, and friction properties of printed samples. The results clearly showed that samples with different polymer colors exhibited distinct characteristics under the same printing conditions. Therefore, the selection of PLA material, including its color and manufacturer, should be a crucial factor in optimizing FFF process parameters for PLA 3D printing.
Article
Polymer Science
Vasile Cojocaru, Doina Frunzaverde, Calin-Octavian Miclosina, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: Polylactic acid (PLA), due to its low melting temperature and carbon footprint advantages, is widely used in additive manufacturing, particularly fused filament fabrication (FFF). The research conducted by the authors of this paper systematically reviews the influence of process parameters on the mechanical properties of PLA specimens additively manufactured by FFF, focusing on six process parameters: layer thickness, printing speed, printing temperature, build plate temperature, build orientation, and raster angle. The mechanical behavior of the specimens was evaluated using tensile, compressive, and bending tests.
Article
Crystallography
Ion-Dragos Utu, Iosif Hulka, Norbert Kazamer, Albert Titus Constantin, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: This study explores the characteristics of high-temperature brazed coatings on complex-shaped surfaces. The coatings, using a cobalt-based powder on a stainless-steel substrate, show promising properties in protecting parts subjected to hot temperatures and wear-exposed environments. The coatings exhibit lower material loss compared to the steel substrate, indicating their effectiveness in hot corrosion and erosion resistance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tobias Schwanekamp, Andreas Mueller, Martin Reuber, Hany Gobran, Nabil Gdoura, Sebastian von Cetto
Summary: L-PBF has the potential for designing complex part geometries. Tungsten heavy alloys are used for special applications, but L-PBF of these alloys faces challenges due to their specific properties. The effect of L-PBF parameters and thermal post-treatment on the material microstructure has been studied.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Elisabeta Spunei, Natalita-Mihaela Frumusanu, Roxana Muntean, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: Although the COVID-19 pandemic has had adverse effects on people's health and life quality, it has also led to positive changes such as the development of online education and the exploration of new ways of carrying out everyday activities.
Article
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Markus Kiryc, Deniz Kurumlu, Gunther Eggeler, Robert Vaben, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: This study focuses on the wear behavior of HVOF-sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings deposited on a NiCrCoTi substrate at high temperatures. The microstructure and chemical composition of the coatings were found to significantly affect their sliding wear and solid particle erosion behavior. The formation of a thicker oxide scale on the substrate due to longer dwell times provided protective effects during sliding wear but did not benefit solid particle erosion protection.
SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Sarah Moritz, Tobias Schwanekamp, Martin Reuber, Jonathan Lentz, Johannes Boes, Sebastian Weber
Summary: Preheated build platforms can reduce thermal stresses and crack formation in laser-based powder bed fusion of high carbon steels. The heat distribution during the process is affected by laser energy input and heat transfer. Depending on the preheating temperature and thermal conditions, in situ heat treatment effects can result in gradients in microstructures and properties. The study investigates these effects on AISI M2 high-speed steel and discusses the impact of temperature distribution on microstructure and hardness.
STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Doina Frunzaverde, Vasile Cojocaru, Nicoleta Bacescu, Costel-Relu Ciubotariu, Calin-Octavian Miclosina, Raul Rusalin Turiac, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: This study aims to investigate the influence of filament color on dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength of FDM printed PLA parts. The experimental results show that filament color has a significant effect on both dimensional accuracy and tensile strength, with color having the strongest impact, followed by layer height and the interaction between color and layer height. Under the same printing conditions, black PLA provides the best dimensional accuracy, while grey PLA exhibits the highest ultimate tensile strength.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Norbert Kazamer, Roxana Muntean, Ion-Dragos Utu, Gabriela Marginean
Summary: The research aimed to investigate the addition of ZrO2 as reinforcement to the self-fluxing alloy coatings. Different post-processing methods were used, including flame gun and vacuum furnace. The vacuum-heat-treated samples showed reduced porosity and improved mechanical behavior compared to the flame-post-processed ones.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Roxana Muntean, Petru-Cristian Valean, Norbert Kazamer, Ion-Dragos Utu, Gabriela Marginean, Viorel Aurel Serban
Summary: This study aims to develop NiCrBSi coatings with high wear resistance and improved adhesion to the substrate, and characterized the coatings and tested their tribological properties. The results show that induction remelting treatment can improve the wear resistance of the coatings, and the density and lower porosity play a significant role in enhancing the coating performance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ziyan Zhao, Kaiyue Zheng, Xianghui Yu, Qian Qi, Lujie Wang, Yan Liu
Summary: In-situ TiC/Ni composites with Ta element were fabricated by reactive sintering. It was found that Ta element could reduce the oxidation rate and decrease the content of TiO2 and NiTiO3 in the oxide scale, thereby optimizing the oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity of the composites.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kai Wang, Mingyuan Ma, Yingchun Diao, Qijun Huang, Xiangkui Zhou, Guojian Li, Qiang Wang
Summary: The relationship between the V(C, N) content and the thickness of the gradient layer in nanocrystalline cemented carbides was investigated. The introduction of V(C, N) was found to enhance the mechanical properties of these materials.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Claudio Bertalan, Steven Moseley, Leonel Pereira, Ralph Useldinger
Summary: The influence of sintering temperature, dwelling time at maximum temperature and carbon content on the microstructure and mechanical and magnetic properties of WC-6%Co hardmetal was investigated. Results showed that to maximize hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS), sintering should be performed at a low temperature (< 1400°C) and with a dwelling time of at least 75 minutes. This is particularly important for low carbon parts to ensure the necessary microstructure homogeneity required for high TRS.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Longlong Sun, Hang Li, Ningxin Wei, Jianliang Li, Jiewen Huang, Jian Kong, Qiujie Wu, Yan Shi, Dangsheng Xiong
Summary: By regulating the microstructure of TaBx films deposited by magnetron sputtering, the hardness and wear resistance of the films can be improved. With the increase of the bias voltage, the B content decreases and the crystallinity is enhanced. The microstructure of the films transforms from fibrous to dense columnar and then to granular structure. At a bias voltage of -180 V, the films exhibit super high hardness and relatively moderate fracture toughness.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Liang Xia, Kai Liu, Yucheng Cao, Chao Jiang
Summary: This study investigates the microstructure information and mechanical behavior of ion-irradiated zirconium alloys through experimental measurements and theoretical analysis. Experimental procedures involve Au3+ irradiation of specific alloys, and transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the formation of precipitates and their transformation after ion-irradiation. Macroscopic mechanical properties are characterized by nano-indentation tests, revealing significant indentation size effect and irradiation hardening behavior. A mechanistic model is developed to explain the depth-dependent hardness observed in ion-irradiated zirconium alloys.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jiangtao Zhang, Guoqin Huang, Yangli Xu, Jianyu Wang, Guangyao Han, Yuanqiang Tan
Summary: Selective laser melting (SLM) provides a novel method for the integrated production of structural and functional metal-matrix diamond composites in the field of diamond tools. In this study, a discrete element method model is developed to simulate the spreading process of diamond/CuSn composite powders. The findings reveal that adjusting the physical properties of diamond particles and process parameters can improve the powder bed quality and particle dynamics, leading to better performance of diamond tools.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Roman Gabor, Ladislav Cvrcek, Karel Masek, Josef Hlinka, Oldrich Motyka, Jan Walter, Grazyna Simha Martynkova, Gabriela Mikeskova, Jana Seidlerova
Summary: This study investigated the surface modification of β-Ti39Nb alloy using micro-arc oxidation technique, and examined the relationships between surface chemical composition, morphology, and tribological and corrosion properties. The results showed that the technique improved the wear resistance of the alloy, and the particle analysis confirmed the correlation between particle composition and tribological parameters.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Benedetto Bozzini, Matteo Amati, Luca Gregoratti, Majid Kazemian, Francesco Tavola, Sandra Tedeschi, Gian Pietro De Gaudenzi
Summary: In this study, the composition and chemical state of the surface of hardmetal subjected to controlled electrochemical corrosion were analyzed using synchrotron-based scanning photoelectron microscopy and photoelectron microspectroscopy. The results showed that corrosion under different conditions led to surface enrichment and leaching of different chemical elements and species.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
B. Roebuck, M. G. Gee, K. P. Mingard, H. G. Jones, H. Zhang, V. Tong
Summary: Metrology provides scientific support for the practical use of testing standards and helps establish a common language for different users regarding material capabilities. The hardmetal industry already has numerous international standards, but there is still room for improvement in certain testing strategies. The Materials Group at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK focuses on metrology and has highlighted specific metrological issues that need further attention. These include high hardness measurements, dislocation analysis, micro-tribology, nanoindentation, and structural characterization.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Suyeon Kim, Taehyun Kwon, Seulgi Kim, Sung Ho Song, Dongju Lee
Summary: This study examines the effect of two different methods, oxide reduction and mechanical alloying, on the sintering behavior and microstructure of molybdenum-tungsten sintered compacts. The sintered compacts produced with oxide-reduced nanopowders exhibit higher density, purity, and a finer microstructure, making them more suitable for sputtering targets.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
A. M. Ferro Rocha, A. M. Santos, R. Mineiro, P. Pereira, J. Sacramento, A. M. R. Senos, A. C. Bastos
Summary: This study compares the corrosion resistance of different hardmetal composites and their binders in a corrosive environment. Through electrochemical testing methods, the corrosion behavior of these materials was studied, and the influence of the binder's electrochemical behavior on the corrosion resistance of hardmetal was explored.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bo Li, Yong Zheng, Wangwang Wang, Hao Wu, Yufan Li, Jin Lv
Summary: The effects of various Cr doping amounts on the microstructure and properties of Mo2FeB2-based cermets were investigated using EDS, SEM, and TEM. The results showed that moderate Cr doping enhanced the system's wettability, fracture toughness, and transverse rupture strength, while excessive Cr addition decreased mechanical properties. The solid-solution of Cr in the hard phase had the most pronounced effect on the mechanical properties of the cermets.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Min Lian, Fei Wang, Kaixuan Rong, Xiaoci Ma, Hetian Liu, Xinmiao Gai, Yufei Ge, Shushan Dong, Qiang Tao, Pinwen Zhu
Summary: This study successfully optimized the toughness of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) by adjusting the intergranular fracture (IF) and transgranular fracture (TF) modes. The results showed that a mixture of the IF and TF modes resulted in higher hardness and toughness in PCD compared to a single fracture mode. The toughness of the PCD was approximately three times that of single-crystal diamonds and comparable to that of pure nanotwinned diamonds. The mixed modes introduced toughening mechanisms such as high frequency large crack deflection, crack bridging, pull-out, and crack branching, which increased the toughness of the PCD.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ruifang Wang, Xiang Zhan, Yongqiang Chen, Chao Zhang, Yusi Che, Jilin He
Summary: The particle size and morphology of tungsten powders play a crucial role in determining the processing properties of tungsten products. This study investigated the effects of water vapor partial pressure on the hydrogen reduction of tungsten oxides, and proposed a method of changing the particle size of tungsten powders using bottom blowing hydrogen. The experimental results showed that bottom-blowing hydrogen could improve the uniformity of tungsten powders in a crucible by eliminating discrepancies in water vapor partial pressure. The partial pressure of water vapor increased with the temperature of the water bath, leading to an increase in the average particle size of tungsten powders.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Oladapo Eso, Xu Wang, Samuel Wolf, Travis Puzz
Summary: In recent decades, there has been an increasing trend in incorporating alloying additives into WC-Co hardmetals for property enhancement. This paper establishes correlations between properties and microstructure of binder modified WC-Co compositions, and explains the observed property correlations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)