Application of waste chalk/CoFe2O4/K2CO3 composite as a reclaimable catalyst for biodiesel generation from sunflower oil

This investigation aimed to produce a new composited catalyst from a waste chalk powder, a waste generated by the construction industry, to produce biodiesel from sunflower oil. The waste chalk was modified by CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and K2CO3. The surface tests showed that the obtained catalyst has been successfully synthesized with desired surface properties. The surface areas of waste chalk, waste chalk/CoFe2O4, and waste chalk/CoFe2O4/K2CO3 were determined 20.8, 77.8, and 5.8 m(2)/g, respectively. This indicates that the waste chalk/CoFe2O4/K2CO3 catalyst has a lower surface area due to K(2)CO(3)being placed on the catalyst. Results showed the efficiency of RSM-CCD (R-2 = 0.992) compared to ANN (R-2 = 0.974). It was shown that a contact time of 180 min, a temperature of 65 degrees C, a waste chalk/CoFe2O4/K2CO3 mass of 2 wt%, and methanol to oil mole ratio of 15:1 gave the highest efficiency (98.87%) of biodiesel production at the laboratory conditions. The kinetic results of the process showed the energy of activation and frequency factor of 11.8 kJ/mol and 0.78 min(-1), respectively. Also, the values of Delta H degrees, Delta S degrees, and Delta G degrees at 65 degrees C was calculated to be 9010.7 J/mol, - 256.3 J/ mol and 95.7 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that the biodiesel production process is endothermic requiring high energy for proceeding. The generated catalyst has an efficiency of over 90% up to 6 steps of reuse. The generated biodiesel was met most of the international standard levels.

Automated summary

This study successfully utilized waste chalk powder to produce a highly efficient composite catalyst for biodiesel production. The catalyst exhibited desired surface properties and achieved a biodiesel yield of up to 98.87% under experimental conditions. Kinetic results indicated that the biodiesel production process is endothermic and requires high energy.