A comprehensive review on the preparation and application of calcium hydroxyapatite: A special focus on atomic doping methods for bone tissue engineering

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been considered to be one of the most preferred scaffold materials among many in the last decade for the bone tissue engineering. Be it prosthetic implants, scaffolds or artificial bone cement, hydroxyapatite has received highest attraction among all due to its chemical and physical properties similar to that of human bone. Although it can be used in the bone tissue engineering as the original composition; for enhancing its different properties relevant to in vivo applications, the calcium in HAP may also be replaced by other atomic dopants depending on usage. Here, we review various HAP coating agents and methods, their merits and demerits. We also review various HAP doping materials, including both cationic as well as anionic materials. We discuss the effects and usage of substitution of hydroxyapatite and their subsequent usage in both bone tissue engineering and maxillofacial surgeries. We consider various research articles published in recent times to accomplish detailed discussion on the subject.

Automated summary

Hydroxyapatite has been widely used in bone tissue engineering due to its similarity to human bone, with the possibility of enhancing its properties by replacing calcium with other dopants. The review discusses various coating agents and methods for HAP, as well as different doping materials, effects, and applications in medical procedures. Research articles are analyzed to provide a detailed overview of the topic.