SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Mutations and Effective Changes

One of the primary threats to the goal of controlling and eventually defeating SARS-CoV-2 is that of mutation. Recognizing this, a great amount of effort and dedicated study is being given to the matter. Due to the novel coronavirus's general prevalence and rate of mutation, this is an extremely dynamic area with constant new developments. Therefore, understanding the virus's pathogenesis and how mutations affect it is crucial. This review attempts to aid in understanding the currently most important strains and what primary changes they entail in connection to more specific mutations, and how they each affect infectivity, antigen resistance, and other properties. In an attempt to maintain relevance to the time at which this paper will be published, priority has been given to variants classified by the WHO and the CDC as of Sep. 23, 2021, as Variants of Concern. Of particular interest in B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, P.1 are the mutations affecting the Spike protein and Receptor Binding Domain, as they directly affect infectivity and susceptibility to neutralization. Certain mutations (D614G, E484K, N501Y, K417N, L452R and P681R) have appeared across several different strains, often accompanied by others that may be complementary working together to confer increased infectivity, fitness, or resistance to neutralization. We anticipate that the understanding of such COVID-19 mutations will, in the near future, prove important for diagnosis, treatment development, and vaccine development.

Automated summary

Efforts are being made to understand the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, in order to determine their impact on infectivity, antigen resistance, and other properties. Mutations in the Spike protein and Receptor Binding Domain are particularly important as they directly affect the virus's ability to infect and respond to neutralization. Understanding these mutations will be crucial for the development of diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines in the future.