Remote estimation of terrestrial evapotranspiration by Landsat 5 TM and the SEBAL model in cold and high-altitude regions: a case study of the upper reach of the Shule River Basin, China

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important expenditure in water and energy balances, especially on cold and high-altitude land surfaces. Daily ET of the upper reach of the Shule River Basin was estimated using Landsat 5 TM data and the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model. Based on observations made at the Suli station, the algorithms of land surface temperature and soil heat flux in SEBAL were modified. Land surface temperature was retrieved and compared with ground truth via three methods: the radiative transfer equation method, the mono-window algorithm, and the single-channel method. We selected the best of these methods, mono-window algorithm, for estimating ET. The average error of daily ET estimated by the modified SEBAL model and measured by the eddy covariance system was 16.4%, with a root-mean-square error of 0.52mm d(-1). The estimated ET means were 3.09, 2.48, and 1.48mm d(-1) on June 9 (DOY 160), June 25 (DOY 176), and July 27 (DOY 208) of the year 2010, respectively. The average estimated ET on the glacier surface of all days was more than 3 mm d(-1), a measurement that is difficult to capture in-situ and has rarely been reported. This study will improve the understanding of water balance in cold, high-altitude regions. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.