Review
Polymer Science
Qingchi Wang, Lianli Chi
Summary: This review investigates the structural alterations and roles of GAGs/PGs in various diseases, and discusses their potential in disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and drug development.
Review
Cell Biology
Anthony J. Hayes, James Melrose
Summary: Chondroitin sulfate plays crucial roles in cell regulation and structural support in the central and peripheral nervous systems, controlling tissue function and homeostasis, and playing key roles in tissue recovery following neural injuries.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maria Ennemoser, Alexandra Pum, Andreas Kungl
Summary: This review investigates the connection between modifications of GAG sulfation patterns and a wide range of pathological conditions, mainly focusing on a range of chronic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the respiratory tract.
CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Evellin Balbinot-Alfaro, Claudio R. Novello, Elisangela Dusman, Alexandre T. Alfaro, Helyn P. O. Barddal, Igor Almeida, Veronica E. P. Vicentini, Vilasia G. Martins
Summary: This study found that turkey wattle contains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and hyaluronic acid (HA), which have anticoagulant activity, and cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity in tumor cells. The results suggest that turkey wattle can be used as a raw material for extracting bioactive GAGs.
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Shuji Mizumoto, Shuhei Yamada
Summary: Dermatan sulfate (DS) and its proteoglycans play crucial roles in extracellular matrix assembly and cell signaling. Dermatan sulfate epimerase (DSE) and dermatan 4-O-sulfotranserase (D4ST) are rate-limiting factors in DS biosynthesis, and mutations in their corresponding genes can lead to the musculocontractural type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuji Mizumoto, Shuhei Yamada
Summary: Dermatan sulfate (DS) plays crucial roles in tissue development of the cutis, blood vessels, and bone, and recent studies have revealed its involvement in nerve regeneration, self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cells.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Markel Lafuente-Merchan, Sandra Ruiz-Alonso, Alaitz Zabala, Patricia Galvez-Martin, Juan Antonio Marchal, Blanca Vazquez-Lasa, Idoia Gallego, Laura Saenz-del-Burgo, Jose Luis Pedraz
Summary: This study focuses on the development of nanocellulose-alginate based bioinks for 3D bioprinting for cartilage regeneration. The addition of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate improves the characteristics of the ink and promotes differentiation to cartilage.
MACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Shuji Mizumoto, Shuhei Yamada
Summary: CS/DS and HS are formed through stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by glycosyltransferases, and their structural diversities are essential for various biological activities. Knockout mice deficient in enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis provide valuable models for studying genetic disorders related to chondroitin and dermatan sulfate.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Harkanwalpreet Sodhi, Alyssa Panitch
Summary: Glycosaminoglycans play a crucial role in tissue engineering by driving stem cell fate and promoting cell proliferation, and recent studies have explored their use in tissue constructs. The research trends in this area are evaluated, providing insights into future directions.
Article
Microbiology
Lin Wei, Qingdong Zhang, Danrong Lu, Min Du, Xiangyu Xu, Wenshuang Wang, Yu-Zhong Zhang, Xunyi Yuan, Fuchuan Li
Summary: This study identified two novel chondroitin sulfate/dematan sulfate sulfatases that can hydrolyze sulfate groups, providing insights for the structural and functional studies of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Deling Shi, Peng He, Yuefan Song, Shuihong Cheng, Robert J. Linhardt, Jonathan S. Dordick, Lianli Chi, Fuming Zhang
Summary: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is spreading globally, with an increase in cases through intimate personal contact, particularly in the United States. This study shows that the MPXV A29 protein binds to GAGs, including heparin and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, and the negative charges on GAGs are crucial for this interaction. GAG analogs, such as pentosan polysulfate and mucopolysaccharide polysulfate, can effectively inhibit the binding of MPXV A29 to heparin.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Min Du, Lin Wei, Min Yuan, Ruyi Zou, Yingying Xu, Xu Wang, Wenshuang Wang, Fuchuan Li
Summary: Two new chondroitinase ABC I enzymes were identified from the intestinal metagenome of CS-fed mice. They have different enzymatic properties and the N-terminal domain plays a critical role in regulating substrate binding and degradation.
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Rui R. Costa, Rui L. Reis, Iva Pashkuleva
Summary: The negative charge of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) allows them to form complexes with positively charged biomolecules and ions, regulating homeostatic functions. Copying these interactions enables the assembly of biofunctional devices with unprecedented biocompliance. However, there are challenges in complexing GAG into intricate three-dimensional networks.
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS REVIEWS
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Johannes Gottschalk, Lothar Elling
Summary: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear anionic polysaccharides with specific sulfation patterns, and recent research has focused on tailored production strategies and enzyme cascades to overcome challenges such as contamination and uncontrolled sulfation patterns. Despite advancements in chemoenzymatic synthesis, the complex production of GAGs remains a challenging field of research.
CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Anthony J. Devlin, Courtney J. Mycroft-West, Jeremy E. Turnbull, Marcelo Andrade de Lima, Marco Guerrini, Edwin A. Yates, Mark A. Skidmore
Summary: Heparin, a polydisperse and heterogeneous polysaccharide of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) class, is widely used as a potent anticoagulant and is classified as an essential medicine by the World Health Organization. The contamination crisis in 2008 highlighted the need for rigorous monitoring and quality control of pharmaceutical heparin. Multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques and multivariate analysis emerged as the gold standard, but an alternative approach utilizing attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) combined with multivariate analysis has been developed. This method enables rapid, cost-effective monitoring and analysis of pharmaceutical heparin, making it suitable for future deployment throughout the supply chain.
ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE
(2023)