Review
Microbiology
Leeyan S. S. Gilmour, Tony Walls
Summary: In 2007, WHO initiated a global health initiative to eliminate the transmission of syphilis from mother to child. This review highlights that the MTCT of syphilis continues to be a significant issue worldwide, with variations in case rates by region. Some areas show an alarming increase in congenital syphilis cases, necessitating a concentrated effort to achieve the WHO goal of global elimination.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Paul Lanier, Susan Kennedy, Angela Snyder, Jessica Smith, Eric Napierala, Jeffrey Talbert, Lindsey Hammerslag, Larry Humble, Eddy Myers, Anna Austin, Thomas Blount, Shannon Dowler, Victoria Mobley, Ana Lopez-De Fede, Hoa Nguyen, Jean Bruce, Carlos G. Grijalva, Sunita Krishnan, Caitlin Otter, Katie Horton, Naomi Seiler, John Majors, William S. Pearson
Summary: Rates of syphilis among pregnant women and infants have increased in the U.S. South. This study examines syphilis screening among Medicaid enrollees with delivery in southern states. The results show that despite state laws requiring screening, the rates are below 100% and vary among states. Access to Medicaid in the first trimester is associated with higher screening rates.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Pediatrics
Serena Salome, Maria Donata Cambriglia, Sara Maria Scarano, Eleonora Capone, Ivy Betts, Daniela Pacella, Matilde Sansone, Laura Letizia Mazzarelli, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Giusy Ranucci, Geremia Zito Marinosci, Letizia Capasso, Paola Salvatore, Francesco Raimondi
Summary: The study reports the activity of a specialized unit in Southern Italy in assisting a large area with congenital syphilis cases. The study found that congenital syphilis still has a significant impact in Europe, and prevention strategies should be targeted towards specific maternal risk profiles. A specialized unit model is preferred to improve surveillance and healthcare for this neglected population.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS
(2023)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dana Brandenburger, Elena Ambrosino
Summary: Mother-to-child transmission of syphilis is a leading cause of neonatal death and stillbirth, especially in low-resource settings with high syphilis prevalence rates. Syphilis point-of-care tests provide quick results without the need for laboratory facilities or intensive training, leading to increased testing and treatment rates, ultimately reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Antoine David, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, Carina Aguiar Nogueira, Laurence Toutous Trellu
Summary: Syphilis remains a global public health problem, particularly among women of childbearing age. The increase in congenital syphilis cases has led to devastating consequences. Although measures have contributed to a decline in global incidence, many countries are still facing an escalating crisis.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Pediatrics
Yael Levit, Lianne Dym, Sivan Yochpaz, Yaara Manor, Amos Adler, Ora Halutz, Galia Grisaru-Soen, Jacky Herzlich, Ronella Marom
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of a targeted screening protocol based on maternal and neonatal risk indicators for congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection. It found that suspected or confirmed CMV infection during pregnancy, maternal age, and maternal diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with a positive cCMV diagnosis.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Islay Rodriguez, Angel A. Noda, Philipp P. Bosshard, Reto Lienhard
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the specific IgA response in syphilis patients. The newly developed IgA-enzyme immunoassay showed good sensitivity and specificity, making it a potential screening assay for active syphilis infection.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2023)
Article
Virology
Jacques Fourgeaud, Chieu-An Nguyen, Tiffany Guilleminot, Yves Ville, Marianne Leruez-Ville
Summary: The study suggests that strategy 1 has better sensitivity and practicability than strategy 2 for diagnosing maternal primary CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. However, achieving good performance with strategy 1 requires the use of a highly sensitive IgM assay.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Lei-Wen Peng, Yu-Jie Gao, Ya-li Cui, Huang Xu, Zheng-Xiang Gao
Summary: Congenital syphilis is a significant public health problem caused by Treponema pallidum infection in pregnant women, which can manifest with various clinical symptoms. Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis are common due to the similarity with other pregnancy-related diseases, leading to serious consequences.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Thalita da Silva Oliveira, Monique Ramos Paschoal Dutra, Aryelly Dayane da Silva Nunes-Araujo, Aline Roberta Xavier da Silva, Gabriel Barros Lins Lelis de Oliveira, Gleyson Jose Pinheiro Caldeira Silva, Ricardo Alexsander de Medeiros Valentim, Sheila Andreoli Balen
Summary: A study was conducted on the prevalence of risk for hearing impairment in neonates with congenital syphilis in a newborn hearing screening program. The study found that prematurity was the most frequent risk indicator for hearing impairment in neonates who passed the screening, while congenital syphilis had a higher occurrence rate in those who failed the screening. There were significant differences between the two groups.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Minu P. Sunny, C. Krishnan, P. R. Sabeel Abdulla, M. G. Geeta
Summary: Congenital syphilis occurs due to trans-placental transmission of Treponema pallidum or intrapartum contact with infectious lesions. It sporadically occurs in India due to lack of antenatal screening and awareness about syphilis burden among clinicians. Awareness among clinicians is crucial for early diagnosis as clinical manifestations overlap with many systemic diseases.
Article
Ecology
Linda Hisgen, Lena Abel, Luisa Hallmaier-Wacker, Simone Luert, Antonio Lavazza, Tiziana Trogu, Roser Velarde, Marketa Novakova, Miklos Gyuranecz, Erik Agren, Alexander Barlow, David Smajs, Sascha Knauf
Summary: This study revealed the infection of Treponema paraluisleporidarum in European brown hares, mountain hares, European rabbits, and pet rabbits through testing of serum samples and genital swabs, finding presence of the bacterium in some wild and domestic rabbits.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Pediatrics
Justin Penner, Hayley Hernstadt, James Edward Burns, Paul Randell, Hermione Lyall
Summary: The epidemiology of congenital infections is constantly changing, with a recent resurgence in syphilis infection rates seen in the UK. The SCORTCH diagnostic approach helps increase awareness among clinicians of the increased risk of congenital syphilis, while considering other infectious aetiologies.
ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD
(2021)
Article
Pediatrics
Nicola P. O'Connor, Patrick C. Burke, Sarah Worley, Kamran Kadkhoda, Oluwatosin Goje, Charles B. Foster
Summary: Syphilis screening during pregnancy helps identify maternal syphilis, but there are limitations including false positive results leading to unnecessary treatment and inadequate treatment optimization.
Article
Microbiology
Jacky Flipse, Anne-Marie Niekamp, Anne Dirks, Nicole H. T. M. Dukers-Muijrers, Christian J. P. A. Hoebe, Petra Wolffs, Inge H. M. van Loo
Summary: Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, and its diagnosis and disease staging are based on clinical findings and serologic testing. PCR analysis of swab samples from genital ulcers is recommended, but its added value is debatable. In this study, both PCR and IgM serology were found to aid in the diagnosis of early syphilis.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Glenda Oben, Sue Crengle, Jesse Kokaua, Mavis Duncanson
Summary: Unnecessary hospitalisations for preventable or treatable conditions reflect the health status of a country and its systems. A study on Maori and non-Maori non-Pacific (NMNP) under-25-year-olds from 2000 to 2019 showed that Maori consistently had higher potentially avoidable hospitalisation rates compared to NMNP. The disparity in hospitalisation rates between the most and least deprived areas was greater for Maori than for NMNP. Respiratory conditions and skin infections accounted for a significant proportion of the potentially avoidable hospitalisations among Maori. The study suggests the need for effective policies to reduce deprivation-based inequities and improve access to and quality of care.
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW ZEALAND
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Grace C. Macaulay, Jean Simpson, Winsome Parnell, Mavis Duncanson
Summary: This study explores the impact and causes of food insecurity on families through the experiences of mothers. The main driver of food insecurity is low income relative to household expenses. Food insecurity leads to significant stress and neglect of personal needs, as well as reduced provision of nutritious food and limited social opportunities for children.
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW ZEALAND
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Matthew Broom, Emma Best, Helen Heffernan, Sara Svensson, Maria Hansen Hygstedt, Rachel Webb, Nick Gow, David Holland, Mark Thomas, Simon Briggs
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of adults with invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) and compare the outcomes of IMD patients caused by different penicillin susceptibility isolates. The study found that short-term intravenous beta-lactam treatment is effective for adults with IMD. It also suggests using ceftriaxone as definitive treatment for IMD caused by isolates with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Glenda Oben, Mavis Duncanson, Judith Adams, Tara Satyanand
Summary: This article presents data on the hospitalizations of children with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in Aotearoa New Zealand, highlighting the persistent inequity by ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Despite the implementation of a government program to prevent rheumatic fever, the incidence of ARF did not sustainably decrease. Untreated ARF can lead to chronic rheumatic heart disease. Therefore, evidence-based strategies are required to effectively address and control this disease.
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW ZEALAND
(2023)
Review
Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine
D. Sardana, B. Galland, B. J. Wheeler, C. K. Y. Yiu, M. Ekambaram
Summary: This study investigates the impact of sleep on the development of early childhood caries (ECC). The study found that irregular bedtimes, late bedtime, and fewer sleeping hours are associated with an increased risk of ECC.
EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY
(2023)
Article
Pediatrics
Oliver Coleman, Leeyan Gilmour, Rebecca Smith, Isaac Bernhardt, Bryony Ryder, Emma Glamuzina, Wendy Hunter
JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Pediatrics
Rachel Wu, Mercedes Burnside, Hannah Davies, Craig Jefferies, Benjamin Wheeler, Ryan Paul, Esko Wiltshire, Martin de Bock, Jonathan Williman
Summary: The aim of this study was to provide a national snapshot of the prevalence and annual incidence rates of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children aged 0-14 in Aotearoa New Zealand and identify differences associated with demographic variables. The results showed that there were 1209 children with T1D in the region, with a national prevalence of 131/100,000 and an annual incidence of 23/100,000. European children had twice the prevalence compared to Maori or Pacific ethnicity children. Regional differences and socioeconomic status also influenced the prevalence and incidence rates.
JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Leeyan S. S. Gilmour, Tony Walls
Summary: In 2007, WHO initiated a global health initiative to eliminate the transmission of syphilis from mother to child. This review highlights that the MTCT of syphilis continues to be a significant issue worldwide, with variations in case rates by region. Some areas show an alarming increase in congenital syphilis cases, necessitating a concentrated effort to achieve the WHO goal of global elimination.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Pediatrics
Mia Pugh, Nick Bowden, Jesse Kokaua, Pauline Dawson, Mavis Duncanson
Summary: This study aims to provide an overview of the association between being in the custody of Oranga Tamariki and all-cause hospitalisation and mortality. The findings show that children in care are more likely to be hospitalised and die compared to those not in care.
JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Amanda Taylor, Mavis Duncanson, Bryan Mitchelson, Gabrielle Nuthall, Lesley Voss, Tony Walls, Stuart R. Dalziel, Genevieve Ostring, Emma J. Best
Summary: New Zealand initially aimed to eliminate SARS-CoV-2, and before the Omicron variant, the pediatric population was not immune to it. This study, using national data sources, reports the incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) following Omicron infection in New Zealand. The incidence rate of MIS-C was 1.03 per 100,000 age-specific population and 0.04 per 1000 recorded SARS-CoV-2 infections.
PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Janine Paynter, Anna S. Howe, Emma Best, Helen Petousis-Harris
Summary: This study used New Zealand's linkable, administrative health data to examine the comparative risk of otitis media (OM) and pneumonia hospitalisations among children receiving three different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). The results showed that PCV10 was associated with a reduced risk for OM compared with PCV7. There were no significant differences between PCV10 and PCV13 in risk of hospitalisation with either otitis media or all-cause pneumonia amongst the transition 2 cohort. In the 18-month follow-up after transition 3, PCV13 was associated with a marginally higher risk of all-cause pneumonia and otitis media compared to PCV10.
Article
Pediatrics
Sarah Primhak, Natasha Pool, Michelle Shien Yee Sam, Eamon Duffy, Stephen R. Ritchie, Rachel Webb, Elizabeth Wilson, Lesley Voss, Emma J. Best
Summary: The Script app was launched to support decision-making for antimicrobial prescribers in paediatric medicine. After 4 months, guideline adherence significantly increased and this improvement was sustained at 1 year.
ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
S. Thaggard, S. Reid, A. H. Y. Chan, C. White, L. Fraser, B. A. Arroll, E. Best, R. Whittaker, S. Wells, M. G. Thomas, S. R. Ritchie
Summary: This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and expectations of Maori and Pacific peoples about antibiotics and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). The findings suggest that reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in New Zealand can be achieved by educating patients about when antibiotics are necessary and increasing doctors' willingness not to prescribe antibiotics for URTIs.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Yongwen Zhou, Mona M. Elbalshy, Sara E. Styles, Hamish Crocket, Craig Jefferies, Esko Wiltshire, Martin I. de Bock, Benjamin J. Wheeler
Summary: This study assessed the subsequent device usage and caregiver attitudes towards do-it-yourself real-time continuous glucose monitoring (DIY-rtCGM) at least 3 months after completing a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Results showed that more than half of the families had stopped using DIY-rtCGM, with 40% of them switching to commercial rtCGM. While overall perceptions of DIY-rtCGM remained positive, the burdens of use were high and contributed to discontinuation.
PEDIATRIC DIABETES
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Oscar T. Sergel-Stringer, Hesham S. Al-Sallami, Sara E. Styles, Alisa Boucsein, Martin de Bock, Benjamin J. Wheeler
Summary: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of young adults with type 1 diabetes in consuming alcohol. The findings revealed that these individuals engage in social drinking behavior with inconsistent understanding of its impact and management. They also face challenges in maintaining healthy glycemic control and actively adopt harm reduction strategies. Modern diabetes technology plays a complementary role in supporting health and safe glucose control during alcohol consumption.
BMC ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
(2023)