期刊
IEEE ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LETTERS
卷 6, 期 2, 页码 3467-3474出版社
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2021.3064282
关键词
Aerial systems; eye-tracking; human factors and human-in-the-loop; perception and autonomy; perception-action coupling; vision-based navigation
类别
资金
- Ernst Gohner Foundation
- University of Zurich Alumni Fonds zur Forderung des Akademischen Nachwuchses (FAN Fellowship)
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Robotics through the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
- European Union [871479]
- European Research Council (ERC) [864042]
This study investigates the relationship between human eye movements, control behavior, and flight performance in drone racing tasks. The results show task-specific improvements in drone racing performance over time, with a strong correlation between pilots' eye movements and the commanded direction of quadrotor flight, and an average visual-motor response latency of 220 ms.
Humans race drones faster than algorithms, despite being limited to a fixed camera angle, body rate control, and response latencies in the order of hundreds of milliseconds. A better understanding of the ability of human pilots of selecting appropriate motor commands from highly dynamic visual information may provide key insights for solving current challenges in vision-based autonomous navigation. This work investigates the relationship between human eye movements, control behavior, and flight performance in a drone racing task. We collected a multimodal dataset from 21 experienced drone pilots using a highly realistic drone racing simulator, also used to recruit professional pilots. Our results show task-specific improvements in drone racing performance over time. In particular, we found that eye gaze tracks future waypoints (i.e., gates), with first fixations occurring on average 1.5 seconds and 16 meters before reaching the gate. Moreover, human pilots consistently looked at the inside of the future flight path for lateral (i.e., left and right turns) and vertical maneuvers (i.e., ascending and descending). Finally, we found a strong correlation between pilots' eye movements and the commanded direction of quadrotor flight, with an average visual-motor response latency of 220 ms. These results highlight the importance of coordinated eye movements in human-piloted drone racing. We make our dataset publicly available.
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