The SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus spike proteins are fine-tuned towards temperature and proteases of the human airways

Loss of furin cleavage site attenuates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

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Furin cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 Spike promotes but is not essential for infection and cell-cell fusion

(2021) Guido Papa et al.   PLoS Pathogens

SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations at the S1/S2 cleavage site are generated in vitro during propagation in TMPRSS2-deficient cells

(2021) Michihito Sasaki et al.   PLoS Pathogens

TMPRSS11D and TMPRSS13 Activate the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

(2021) Mai Kishimoto et al.   Viruses-Basel

SARS-CoV-2 D614G spike mutation increases entry efficiency with enhanced ACE2-binding affinity

(2021) Seiya Ozono et al.   Nature Communications

The Spike D614G mutation increases SARS-CoV-2 infection of multiple human cell types

(2021) Zharko Daniloski et al.   eLife

Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity

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Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

(2020) Chaolin Huang et al.   LANCET

A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern

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SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients

(2020) Lirong Zou et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Polymorphisms in dipeptidyl peptidase 4 reduce host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

(2020) Hannah Kleine-Weber et al.   Emerging Microbes & Infections

The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade

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SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract

(2020) Yixuan J. Hou et al.   CELL

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

(2020) Markus Hoffmann et al.   CELL

Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reveals an Evolutionary Distinct and Proteolytically Sensitive Activation Loop

(2020) Javier A. Jaimes et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Middle East respiratory syndrome

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A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells

(2020) Markus Hoffmann et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019

(2020) Roman Wölfel et al.   NATURE

SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes

(2020) Waradon Sungnak et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2

(2020) Jian Shang et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for antiviral development

(2020) Tiffany Tang et al.   ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH

Making Sense of Mutation: What D614G Means for the COVID-19 Pandemic Remains Unclear

(2020) Nathan D. Grubaugh et al.   CELL

Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus

(2020) Bette Korber et al.   CELL

SARS-coronavirus-2 replication in Vero E6 cells: replication kinetics, rapid adaptation and cytopathology

(2020) Natacha S. Ogando et al.   JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY

SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects

(2020) Antoni G. Wrobel et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Characterisation of the transcriptome and proteome of SARS-CoV-2 reveals a cell passage induced in-frame deletion of the furin-like cleavage site from the spike glycoprotein

(2020) Andrew D. Davidson et al.   Genome Medicine

Analytical sensitivity and efficiency comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 RT–qPCR primer–probe sets

(2020) Chantal B. F. Vogels et al.   Nature Microbiology

Proteolytic Cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and the Role of the Novel S1/S2 Site

(2020) Javier A. Jaimes et al.   iScience

Reprogramming of the Antibacterial Drug Vancomycin Results in Potent Antiviral Agents Devoid of Antibacterial Activity

(2020) Zsolt Szűcs et al.   Pharmaceuticals

TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells

(2020) Dorothea Bestle et al.   Life Science Alliance

Structural and Functional Analysis of the D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variant

(2020) Leonid Yurkovetskiy et al.   CELL

SARS-CoV-2 growth, furin-cleavage-site adaptation and neutralization using serum from acutely infected hospitalized COVID-19 patients

(2020) William B. Klimstra et al.   JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY

Furin Inhibitors Block SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Cleavage to Suppress Virus Production and Cytopathic Effects

(2020) Ya-Wen Cheng et al.   Cell Reports

Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity

(2020) Erik Volz et al.   CELL

A single-dose live-attenuated YF17D-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate

(2020) Lorena Sanchez-Felipe et al.   NATURE

SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity

(2020) Lizhou Zhang et al.   Nature Communications

D614G Mutation Alters SARS-CoV-2 Spike Conformation and Enhances Protease Cleavage at the S1/S2 Junction

(2020) Sophie M.-C. Gobeil et al.   Cell Reports

TMPRSS2 contributes to virus spread and immunopathology in the airways of murine models after coronavirus infection

(2019) Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Calu-3 cells are largely resistant to entry driven by filovirus glycoproteins and the entry defect can be rescued by directed expression of DC-SIGN or cathepsin L

(2019) Mariana González-Hernández et al.   VIROLOGY

Hemagglutinin Cleavability, Acid Stability, and Temperature Dependence Optimize Influenza B Virus for Replication in Human Airways

(2019) Manon Laporte et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

TMPRSS11A activates the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and the MERS coronavirus spike protein and is insensitive against blockade by HAI-1

(2018) Pawel Zmora et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes

(2018) Andrew Waterhouse et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Influenza Hemagglutinin Protein Stability, Activation, and Pandemic Risk

(2018) Charles J. Russell et al.   TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Phosphorylation of the type II transmembrane serine protease, TMPRSS13, in hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 and -2–mediated cell-surface localization

(2017) Andrew S. Murray et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Airway proteases: an emerging drug target for influenza and other respiratory virus infections

(2017) Manon Laporte et al.   Current Opinion in Virology

Clinical Isolates of Human Coronavirus 229E Bypass the Endosome for Cell Entry

(2016) Kazuya Shirato et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses

(2016) Emmie de Wit et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Proteolytic processing of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spikes expands virus tropism

(2016) Jung-Eun Park et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins

(2016) Fang Li   Annual Review of Virology

Molecular pathology of emerging coronavirus infections

(2014) Lisa E Gralinski et al.   JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY

DESC1 and MSPL Activate Influenza A Viruses and Emerging Coronaviruses for Host Cell Entry

(2014) P. Zmora et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein

(2014) Jean Kaoru Millet et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Mediated by the Transmembrane Serine Protease TMPRSS2

(2013) Kazuya Shirato et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

TMPRSS2 Activates the Human Coronavirus 229E for Cathepsin-Independent Host Cell Entry and Is Expressed in Viral Target Cells in the Respiratory Epithelium

(2013) S. Bertram et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

The Spike Protein of the Emerging Betacoronavirus EMC Uses a Novel Coronavirus Receptor for Entry, Can Be Activated by TMPRSS2, and Is Targeted by Neutralizing Antibodies

(2013) S. Gierer et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Simultaneous Treatment of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells with Serine and Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Prevents Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Entry

(2012) M. Kawase et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Evidence Supporting a Zoonotic Origin of Human Coronavirus Strain NL63

(2012) J. Huynh et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein

(2012) Sandrine Belouzard et al.   Viruses-Basel

Cleavage and Activation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein by Human Airway Trypsin-Like Protease

(2011) S. Bertram et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Evidence that TMPRSS2 Activates the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein for Membrane Fusion and Reduces Viral Control by the Humoral Immune Response

(2011) I. Glowacka et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

TMPRSS13, a type II transmembrane serine protease, is inhibited by hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 and activates pro-hepatocyte growth factor

(2010) Tomio Hashimoto et al.   FEBS Journal

Efficient Activation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein by the Transmembrane Protease TMPRSS2

(2010) S. Matsuyama et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Novel Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases, MSPL and TMPRSS13, Proteolytically Activate Membrane Fusion Activity of the Hemagglutinin of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses and Induce Their Multicycle Replication

(2010) Y. Okumura et al.   JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Human Coronaviruses 229E and NL63: Close Yet Still So Far

(2009) Ronald Dijkman et al.   JOURNAL OF THE FORMOSAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION