Visualization of drug translocation in the nasal cavity and pharmacokinetic analysis on nasal drug absorption using positron emission tomography in the rat

We performed positron emission tomography (PET) using 2-deoxy-2[F-18]fluoro-u-glucose ([F-18]FDG) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of nasal drug absorption in the rat. The dosing solution of [F-18]FDG was varied in volume (ranging from 5 to 25 mu l) and viscosity (using 0% to 3% concentrations of hydroxypropy-Icellulose). We modeled the pharmacokinetic parameters regarding the nasal cavity and pharynx using mass balance equations, and evaluated the values that were obtained by fitting concentration-time profiles using WinNonlin((R)) software. The regional nasal permeability was also estimated using the active surface area derived from the PET images. The translocation of [18F]FDG from the nasal cavity was visualized using PET. Analysis of the PET imaging data revealed that the pharmacokinetic parameters were independent of the dosing solution volume; however, the viscosity increased the absorption rate constant and decreased the mucociliary clearance rate constant. Nasal permeability was initially higher but subsequently decreased until the end of the study, indicating regional differences in permeability in the nasal cavity. We concluded that the visualization of drug translocation in the nasal cavity in the rat using PET enables quantitative analysis of nasal drug absorption, thereby facilitating the development of nasal formulations for human use. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.