Two forms of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 in the ricefield eel: Expression and functional characterization in relation to ovarian follicle development

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (Gper1) mediates many rapid, non-genomic estrogenic effects in vertebrates, and plays an important reproductive role in the maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest in teleost fishes. In the present study, two genes for Gper1, namely gper1a and gper1b, were identified in the genome of a teleost fish, the ricefield eel (Monopterus albus) through Blast and syntenic analysis. Although genes neighboring gper1b are of high synteny, ricefield eel Gper1b shares very low (around 15) percent identities with Gper1 homologues of other vertebrates. In transiently transfected HEK293T cells, both ricefield eel Gper1a and Gper1b responded to estradiol (E-2) and estradiol-BSA (E-2-BSA) challenges by activating pCRE but not pSRE luciferase reporters, which were abolished by G-15 and NF-449. The production of cAMP was also increased in HEK293T cells transfected with Gper1a or Gper1b expression construct after E-2-BSA challenge, which was also abolished by G-15. Surprisingly, both Gper1a and Gper1b showed ligand-independent effects on pCRE luciferase reporters at higher transfected doses (10 ng). RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript of gper1a is broadly expressed in tissues of both female and male fish while the expression of gper1b in tissues demonstrates obvious sexual dimorphism, with transcripts detected in all tissues examined in female whereas they were barely detectable in some peripheral tissues of male including the testis. In the ovary, the expression of both gper1a and gper1b was detected in the oocyte but not the follicular layer, with the mRNA levels increased during vitellogenesis, peaked at the late vitellogenic stage, and decreased precipitously at the full-grown and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) stages. Moreover, E-2 and E-2-BSA induced cAMP production in the in vitro incubated follicles at mid-vitellogenic stage but not the GVBD stage, and the induction could be completely abolished by G-15, a Gper1 inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that both Gper1a and Gper1b may play important roles in the development and maturation of ovarian follicles in ricefield eels, possibly through inhibition of oocyte meiotic resumption.

Automated summary

The study identified two genes for Gper1, gper1a and gper1b, in the genome of a teleost fish and revealed their crucial role in non-genomic estrogenic effects, specifically in maintaining oocyte meiotic arrest. The research demonstrated the ligand-dependent effects of both Gper1a and Gper1b in regulating cAMP production and their potential importance in the development and maturation of ovarian follicles, potentially through inhibiting oocyte meiotic resumption.