Green synthesis of xanthene and acridine-based heterocycles of pharmaceutical importance: a review

Xanthene and acridine-based heterocyclic compounds find applications in cancer chemotherapy, biological staining and laser dyes and are known for their antibacterial and anti-tumor properties. Here we review green catalytic routes for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes, 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridines and related heterocyclic molecules with catalysts such as metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, resins, supported organocatalysts, heteropolyacids, carbon-based materials, zeolites, sulfides and ionic liquids. We compare protocols for their catalytic activities, and proposed mechanisms are discussed.

Automated summary

In this review, green catalytic routes for synthesizing Xanthene and acridine-based heterocyclic compounds are discussed in various fields. Comparison of catalytic activities of different catalysts is made and proposed mechanisms are analyzed.