The challenge of apraxia: Toward an operational definition?

The diagnosis of limb apraxia relies mainly on exclusion criteria (e.g., elementary motor or sensory deficits, aphasia). Due to the diversity of apraxia definitions and assessment methods, patients may or may not show apraxia depending on the chosen assessment method or theory, making the definition of apraxia somewhat arbitrary. As a result, apraxia may be diagnosed in patients with different cognitive impairments. Based on a quantitative and critical review of the literature, it is argued that this situation has its roots in the evolution from a task-based approach (i.e., the use of gold standard tests to detect apraxia) toward a process-based approach, namely, the deconstruction of the conceptual or production systems of action into multiple cognitive processes: language, executive functions, working memory, semantic memory, body schema, body image, visual-spatial skills, social cognition, visual-kinesthetic engrams, manipulation knowledge, technical reasoning, structural inference, and categorical apprehension. The coexistence of both approaches in the current literature is a major challenge that stands in the way of a sci-entific definition of apraxia. As a step toward a solution, we suggest to focus on symptoms, and on two complementary definition criteria (in addition with traditional exclusion criteria): Specificity (i.e., is apraxia explained by the alteration of cognitive processes spe-cifically dedicated to gesture production?), and consistency (i.e., is the gesture production impairment consistent across tasks?). Two categories of limb apraxia are proposed: symptomatic apraxia (i.e., gesture production deficits that are secondary to more general cognitive impairments) and idiopathic apraxia (i.e., gesture production deficits that can be observed in isolation). It turns out that the only apraxia subtype that fulfills exclusion, specificity, and consistency criteria is limb-kinetic apraxia. A century after Liepmann's demonstration of the autonomy of apraxia toward language, the autonomy of this syn-drome toward the rest of cognition remains an open question, while it poses new chal-lenges to apraxia studies. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The diagnosis of limb apraxia is challenging due to the diverse definitions and assessment methods. It is suggested to focus on symptoms and propose two complementary definition criteria. Limb apraxia can be categorized into symptomatic and idiopathic types, with limb-kinetic apraxia fulfilling exclusion, specificity, and consistency criteria.