Selective Transformations of Carbohydrates Inspired by Radical-Based Enzymatic Mechanisms

Enzymes are a longstanding source of inspiration for synthetic reaction development. However, enzymatic reactivity and selectivity are frequently untenable in a synthetic context, as the principles that govern control in an enzymatic setting often do not translate to small molecule catalysis. Recent synthetic methods have revealed the viability of using small molecule catalysts to promote highly selective radical-mediated transformations of minimally protected sugar substrates. These transformations share conceptual similarities with radical SAM enzymes found in microbial carbohydrate biosynthesis and present opportunities for synthetic chemists to access microbial and unnatural carbohydrate building blocks without the need for protecting groups or lengthy synthetic sequences. Here, we highlight strategies through which radical reaction pathways can enable the site-, regio-, and diastereoselective transformation of minimally protected carbohydrates in both synthetic and enzymatic systems.

Automated summary

Enzymes have long been a source of inspiration for synthetic reaction development, but translating enzymatic reactivity and selectivity to synthetic contexts has been challenging. Recent synthetic methods have shown the viability of using small molecule catalysts to promote highly selective radical-mediated transformations of minimally protected sugar substrates, providing opportunities for accessing microbial and unnatural carbohydrate building blocks without the need for protecting groups or lengthy synthetic sequences.