Article
Business
B. C. Stahl, A. Andreou, P. Brey, T. Hatzakis, A. Kirichenko, K. Macnish, S. Laulhe Shaelou, A. Patel, M. Ryan, D. Wright
Summary: The technical and economic benefits of artificial intelligence are counterbalanced by legal, social, and ethical issues. Human rights principles and legislation play a key role in addressing the ethics of AI and steering it to contribute to human flourishing.
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Health Care Sciences & Services
Ahmed Al Kuwaiti, Khalid Nazer, Abdullah Al-Reedy, Shaher Al-Shehri, Afnan Al-Muhanna, Arun Vijay Subbarayalu, Dhoha Al Muhanna, Fahad A. Al-Muhanna
Summary: This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, with a focus on medical imaging and diagnostics, virtual patient care, medical research and drug discovery, patient engagement and compliance, rehabilitation, and administrative applications. AI has had a significant impact on various aspects of healthcare, including clinical condition detection, early diagnosis of COVID-19, virtual patient care, electronic health record management, patient engagement and compliance, reduction of administrative workload, drug and vaccine discovery, identification of medical prescription errors, data storage and analysis, and technology-assisted rehabilitation. However, integrating AI into healthcare presents technical, ethical, and social challenges related to privacy, safety, decision-making, costs, information and consent, access, and efficacy. Effective governance is crucial to address these challenges and ensure patient safety, healthcare professional accountability, acceptance, and significant health outcomes.
JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Cameron Stewart, Stephen K. Y. Wong, Joseph J. Y. Sung
Summary: The development of AI and digital health in healthcare brings up concerns regarding equitable access, data privacy, inclusiveness, bias, discrimination, and the clinician-patient relationship. This article discusses ethical and legal issues in using AI in gastroenterology, emphasizing principles such as respect for individuals, privacy, integrity, conflict of interest, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. While a principle-based approach is currently recommended for problem-solving, future efforts should focus on addressing more specific and concrete issues related to AI in healthcare.
JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Laura Weidinger, Richard Everett, Saffron Huang, Tina O. Zhu, Martin J. Chadwick, Christopher Summerfield, Susan Fiske, Iason Gabriel
Summary: The Veil of Ignorance (VoI), proposed by philosopher John Rawls, is applied to the governance of artificial intelligence (AI) in this research. Through five incentive compatible studies, participants choose principles to govern an AI assistant without knowledge of their own relative position in the group. The results show a consistent preference for prioritizing the worst-off, driven by concerns about fairness rather than risk attitudes or political preferences.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Education & Educational Research
Andy Nguyen, Ha Ngan Ngo, Yvonne Hong, Belle Dang, Bich-Phuong Thi Nguyen
Summary: This paper explores the existence of a global consensus on ethical artificial intelligence in education by analyzing policies and guidelines from international organizations. It proposes a set of ethical principles to guide educational stakeholders in the development and deployment of ethical and trustworthy artificial intelligence in education.
EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Article
Communication
Nicola Palladino
Summary: In recent years, the need for a trustworthy and human-centric framework for artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the emergence of regulatory frameworks and ethical codes. This study explores whether these ethical frameworks can be seen as the emergence of transnational norms and if they can contribute to a global regulatory framework for AI. The study also highlights the challenges in implementing these ethical frameworks within the current institutional logics.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY
(2023)
Article
Business
Stephanie Kelley
Summary: This study examines employee perceptions on the effective adoption of AI principles in organizations. The study identifies eleven components that can impact the effective adoption of AI principles, such as communication, management support, and training. The findings provide a first step in understanding potential methods for the effective adoption of AI principles in organizations.
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS
(2022)
Article
Business
Teemu Birkstedt, Matti Minkkinen, Anushree Tandon, Matti Mantymaki
Summary: This paper synthesizes the organizational AI governance literature by outlining research themes and knowledge gaps as well as putting forward future agendas. The authors' review confirmed the assumption that AI governance is an emerging research topic with few explicit definitions. The central knowledge gaps revealed were the limited understanding of AI governance implementation, lack of attention to the AI governance context, uncertain effectiveness of ethical principles and regulation, and insufficient operationalization of AI governance processes.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sofya Langman, Nicole Capicotto, Yaser Maddahi, Kourosh Zareinia
Summary: Robotics and artificial intelligence are revolutionizing industries and sparking discussions on their impact on humanity. Efforts in Europe and North America to create enforceable regulation for AI and robotics include defining ethical principles, policies, and regulations to address the ethical risks posed by these technologies.
SN APPLIED SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Economics
Tiago Cravo Oliveira Hashiguchi, Jillian Oderkirk, Luke Slawomirski
Summary: This study aims to showcase the potential and concerns of AI in the health sector and provide policy guidance. The application of AI in health is still in its early stages, with most applications limited to research settings. Policy makers need to proactively manage the risks associated with deploying AI, and five key policy areas are proposed.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Julian De Freitas, Andrea Censi, Bryant Walker Smith, Luigi Di Lillo, Sam E. Anthony, Emilio Frazzoli
Summary: This article discusses the importance of testing the common sense of artificial intelligence in automated vehicles, and proposes a practical framework for integrating driver common sense testing into road rule testing.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Simona Tiribelli, Annabelle Monnot, Syed F. H. Shah, Anmol Arora, Ping J. Toong, Sokanha Kong
Summary: The use of AI in telemedicine has grown significantly in the past decade. While AI-based telemedicine has the potential to greatly benefit public health, there are also ethical risks that need to be addressed. Currently, there is a lack of AI ethics frameworks specifically designed for telemedicine in public health. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying relevant ethical principles and proposing a unified set of AI ethics principles for the implementation of AI-based telemedicine.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Eleonore Fournier-Tombs, Juliette McHardy
Summary: The launch of OpenAI's GPT-3 model in June 2020 marked a new era for conversational chatbots, allowing for more nuanced and realistic conversations with users. Released during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, GPT-3 and other chatbot models have been widely used in the medical field, providing various services from basic guidelines to personalized advice and prescriptions.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Social Issues
Catarina Fontes, Caitlin Corrigan, Christoph Luetge
Summary: After the outbreak of Covid-19, the European Commission took prompt action to lead and coordinate a common European response. Initiatives such as the Repository of AI and Robotics solutions were launched to leverage and disseminate knowledge on AI, with a focus on its potential in tackling specific tasks during a public health crisis. The establishment of ethical and trustworthy AI frameworks was also emphasized from a governance perspective.
TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Joachim Roski, Ezekiel J. Maier, Kevin Vigilante, Elizabeth A. Kane, Michael E. Matheny
Summary: Artificial intelligence plays a critical role in deriving value from health and healthcare data, but there is a risk of another AI Winter due to decreased trust in AI solutions. By promoting self-governance and defining standards to mitigate risks, a more comprehensive approach to governing AI solutions can be achieved, filling gaps in existing legislation and regulations. Adherence to these standards, verified through certification/accreditation, could help prevent another AI Winter by maintaining trust in AI practices.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL INFORMATICS ASSOCIATION
(2021)