Imaging Reversible Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Dynamics with a Masked Rhodamine Voltage Reporter

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP via oxidative phosphorylation as protons flow down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase. This negative membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane (Delta Psi(m)) represents a fundamental biophysical parameter central to cellular life. Traditional, electrode-based methods for recording membrane potential are impossible to implement on mitochondria within intact cells. Fluorescent Delta Psi(m) indicators based on cationic, lipophilic dyes are a common alternative, but these indicators are complicated by concentration-dependent artifacts and the requirement to maintain dye in the extracellular solution to visualize reversible Delta Psi(m )dynamics. Here, we report the first example of a fluorescent Delta Psi(m) reporter that does not rely on Delta Psi(m)-dependent accumulation. We redirected the localization of a photoinduced electron transfer (PeT)-based indicator, Rhodamine Voltage Reporter (RhoVR), to mitochondria by masking the carboxylate of RhoVR 1 as an acetoxymethyl (AM) ester. Once within mitochondria, esterases remove the AM ester, trapping RhoVR inside of the mitochondrial matrix, where it can incorporate within the inner membrane and reversibly report on changes in Delta Psi(m). We show that this Small molecule, Permeable, Internally Redistributing for Inner membrane Targeting Rhodamine Voltage Reporter, or SPIRIT RhoVR, localizes to mitochondria across a number of different cell lines and responds reversibly to changes in Delta Psi(m) induced by exceptionally low concentrations of the uncoupler FCCP without the need for exogenous pools of dye (unlike traditional, accumulation-based rhodamine esters). SPIRIT RhoVR is compatible with multi-color imaging, enabling simultaneous, real-time observation of cytosolic Ca2+, plasma membrane potential, and reversible Delta Psi(m) dynamics.

Automated summary

A novel fluorescent Delta Psi(m) reporter, SPIRIT RhoVR, has been developed that targets mitochondria without the need for Delta Psi(m)-dependent accumulation, enabling reversible reporting on changes in Delta Psi(m). SPIRIT RhoVR responds rapidly and accurately to changes in Delta Psi(m) induced by low concentrations of uncoupler across different cell lines, showing good compatibility for multi-color imaging.