Development of leaves and shoot apex protection in Metrodorea and related species (Rutaceae)

Most members of Sapindales are characterized by compound leaves, but several genera also (or only) produce simple or unifoliolate leaves. A few genera may bear stipules or pseudostipules. Little is known about the morphological structure and morphogenesis of these types of leaves in Sapindales, but this information is required for comparative and evolutionary studies. Metrodorea is a Neotropical genus of Rutaceae, comprising species presenting compound and unifoliolate leaves, plus heterophylly, together with an intriguing bud-protecting structure at the leaf base. The aims of the present study are: (1) to examine leaf morphogenesis in Metrodorea and in closely related species (four Esenbeckia spp., Helietta apiculata and Raulinoa echinata); and (2) to improve our understanding of the morphological evolution of leaves in Metrodorea and Rutaceae. Our data show that the hood-shaped structure at the base of the leaf in Metrodorea, usually interpreted as a sheath, is, in fact, a pair of united stipules, a synapomorphy of the genus. In the species studied, it is possible to recognize two main types of unifoliolate leaf: early unifoliolate leaves and late unifoliolate leaves. We also found that the number of leaflets in the studied species is dependent on the late or early determination of the leaf primordium, and that loss of leaflets may have been favoured by the restriction of space available for development within the cavity formed by the pair of united stipules.(c) 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178, 267-282.