A critical review to bridge the gaps between carbon capture, storage and use of CaCO3

Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) is a new strategy to combat climate change. CO2 sequestration using calcium-rich wastes has been extensively studied since calcium carbonate (CaCO3) can be produced for various. In this review, the gaps between carbon capture technologies and carbonation are thoroughly discussed. Direct carbonation which involves the carbonation of calcium rich particles using CO2 should be integrated with adsorption, membrane gas separation and cryogenic separation. Wet carbonation should be integrated with absorption and further adjusted to control the particle size and polymorphs. Among the polymorphs, amorphous CaCO3 nanoparticles have drawn great attention due to their large surface area. The modification of CaCO3 was then reviewed for increasing demand of hydrophobic CaCO3. There are technical gaps exist in CCUS using CaCO3, but the current scientific studies proposed some practical strategies for its implementation at large scale with economic feasibility. Membrane technology and alternative absorbent can enhance gas absorption to meet the requirement of wet carbonation for process integration. The economy potential of CaCO3 should be elevated through particle size reduction, surface area enlargement and chemical functionalisation.