Article
Energy & Fuels
Lei Chen, Li Liu, Yijun Zhao, Rui Sun, Shaozeng Sun, Penghua Qiu
Summary: Under simulated flue gas conditions, different chars showed varying reactivity towards NO reduction, with acid-soaking treatment enhancing char structures. Increased residence time led to higher graphitization degree of chars, and transformations in nitrogen species were observed.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Dezhi Chen, Xinyu Ning, Wen Tang, Jun Xu, Kai Xu, Limo He, Hengda Han, Sheng Su, Long Jiang, Yi Wang, Song Hu, Jun Xiang
Summary: This study utilized micro-Raman spectroscopy to investigate the chemical structures of pyrolytic chars prepared from 32 kinds of Chinese coals, finding that the aromatization degree is the key distinguishable factor for chars prepared from coals of different ranks. A comprehensive coal property index was proposed to predict the chemical structure of pyrolytic char effectively.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
John McDonald-Wharry
Summary: An open call for charcoal and biochar samples was distributed in late 2013 to compare various char samples using Raman spectroscopy. By analyzing the samples, researchers were able to rank them based on their thermochemical alterations and estimate effective heat treatment temperatures. Ancient and buried char samples exhibited different characteristics compared to recently produced biomass chars.
C-JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yuanjing Chen, Syed Shatir A. Syed-Hassan, Zhe Xiong, Qiaoling Li, Xun Hu, Jun Xu, Qiangqiang Ren, Zengtong Deng, Xuepeng Wang, Sheng Su, Song Hu, Yi Wang, Jun Xiang
Summary: The study revealed two stages of pellet pyrolysis: the decomposition of raw biomass and the condensation reactions of aromatic ring systems. The axial and radial heterogeneity of char chemical structure is mainly caused by heat transfer during uniform heating of the whole pellet, while mass transfer can eliminate this heterogeneity through volatile-char interaction. The combined effects of heat and mass transfer lead to a heterogeneity in pellet char chemical structure.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dandan Hu, Xi Zeng, Fang Wang, Yanbing Cui, Qi Zhou, Guangwen Xu
Summary: A newly-developed micro fluidized bed reaction analyser (MFBRA) was used to study the effects of char's inherent CaO on tar catalytic cracking. The presence of CaO significantly enhanced the tar conversion process, producing more effective gas components even at low temperatures. The activation energy of various gas products decreased, indicating the good catalytic activity of CaO in char.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dandan Hu, Xi Zeng, Fang Wang, Mohammed Haruna Adamu, Guangwen Xu
Summary: In this study, the isothermal reaction characteristics of tar catalytic reforming by char and thermal cracking by quartz sand were comprehensively analyzed using a micro fluidized bed reactor analyzer (MFBRA). The catalytic cracking showed higher yield and lower activation energy compared to thermal cracking, impacting both tar conversion and gas generation pathways positively.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Rafal Morga, Barbara Bielowicz
Summary: This study characterizes and compares the microstructural features of different morphotypes in coal char obtained through gasification, revealing similarities and differences in their microstructural properties. Optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used for analysis.
Article
Archaeology
Lisa Monetti, K. B. Gafner, T. J. U. Thompson
Summary: Fire is a powerful force in archaeology, capable of destruction and transformation, as well as providing new opportunities. Studying the remains after a fire event can offer insights into past human activities, transformation processes, and material properties.
JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE-REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Takayuki Yamagishi, Shigeru Yamauchi, Sakae Shibutani, Hikaru Suzuki, Tsutomu Takayama, Yoichi Sakai
Summary: This study improved the Fe3+-impregnation method for dispersing Fe3+ more evenly in wood powder, and investigated its effect on the reduction of Fe3+ and graphitization during wood powder carbonization. The results showed that the improved method led to more uniform reduction of Fe3+ and graphitization compared to the previous method. Furthermore, multiple reaction paths were found to contribute to the graphitization during carbonization.
JOURNAL OF WOOD SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Anthropology
David E. Friesem, Ron Shimelmitz, Mara L. Schumacher, Christopher E. Miller, Andrew W. Kandel
Summary: This study presents a micro-geoarchaeological investigation of the sedimentary sequence in Sefunim Cave, Israel, spanning from the Middle Paleolithic to the early Epipaleolithic periods. The study utilizes FTIR and micromorphological techniques to reconstruct site use patterns and archaeological formation processes. The findings reveal common formation processes and taphonomic disturbances in Paleolithic cave sites in the Southern Levant, as well as an inverse correlation between human and carnivore activity. The study concludes that human activity at the site was characterized by varying intensity episodes, while also highlighting the close interactions between humans and carnivores in Paleolithic caves.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Jaroslav Mosko, Michael Pohorely, Siarhei Skoblia, Radek Fajgar, Pavel Straka, Karel Soukup, Zdenek Beno, Josef Fartak, Olga Bicakova, Michal Jeremias, Michal Syc, Erik Meers
Summary: Pyrolysis of sewage sludge at 400-800 degrees C showed that increasing temperature led to higher phosphate and metaphosphate content, and lower reduced P species content; higher temperature also increased sulfide content and decreased sulfate and sulfite content; the effect on nitrogen species was minimal. Raman spectroscopy and NMR revealed significant contribution of graphite and (poly) aromatic hydrocarbons to the organic structure of sludge-chars.
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jun Xu, Xingrui Xiang, Kai Xu, Limo He, Hengda Han, Sheng Su, Yi Wang, Song Hu, Jun Xiang
Summary: This study utilized microRaman spectroscopy to investigate the chemical structures of coal at a micro-scale, revealing significant heterogeneity in the micro-scale. The evolution of char particles in micro-scale differs from each other, especially in the early stage of pyrolysis, but tends to converge as the process progresses. The results suggest that a more severe pyrolysis condition can lead to a char with higher heterogeneity, and the pyrolysis of Zhundong coal can be mainly divided into two stages in terms of bulk structural evolution.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Fabio Isa, James P. Best, Anna Marzegalli, Marco Albani, Christophe Comte, Jamie J. Kruzic, Avi Bendavid
Summary: A novel approach is presented in this paper to tailor the stress properties of diamond thin films through boron doping and micro-fabrication of bridges using focused ion beam milling. Experimental data, supported by detailed confocal micro-Raman investigations and finite element method calculations, suggest that appropriate design of microbridge geometries, together with boron doping, can significantly enhance or diminish material stress compared to non-patterned thin films. This approach, combined with deterministic incorporation and positioning of diamond color centers, may offer new opportunities to tailor the optical and spin properties of diamond-based quantum devices through stress engineering.
Article
Plant Sciences
Jose Alvarez, Sagrario Martinez-Ramirez, Elvira Martinez
Summary: The combination of Micro-Raman spectroscopy with magneto-priming is an effective method for studying the chemical composition of Triticale seeds, revealing more compounds with a particularly noticeable impact on the endosperm.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
K. S. Almugren, S. F. Abdul Sani, Irzwan Affendy Sulong, S. N. Mat Nawi, A. S. Siti Shafiqah, D. A. Bradley
Summary: This study investigates the use of black carbon charcoal as passive radiation dosimetry, exploring Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence analysis in graphite charcoal, as well as characterizing the crystal structure using X-ray diffractometry. The findings provide a low-cost yet highly effective system for studying radiation-induced changes in carbon and have potential applications in radiotherapy.
RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Balazs Bradak, Angel Carrancho, Angela Herrejon Lagunilla, Juan J. Villalain, Gilliane F. Monnier, Gilbert Tostevin, Carolina Mallol, Goran Pajovic, Mile Bakovic, Nikola Borovinic
Summary: An archaeomagnetic, rock magnetic, and magnetic fabric study was conducted on anthropogenic ash horizons in Montenegro, revealing the presence of various post-burning alteration processes. While these alterations are often unnoticed due to their microscopic scale, magnetic methods prove to be a powerful tool in identifying and evaluating taphonomic processes affecting prehistoric fires.
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Letter
Anthropology
Jesus Gonzalez-Urquijo, Shara E. Bailey, Talia Lazuen
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rory Connolly, Margarita Jambrina-Enriquez, Antonio Herrera-Herrera, Carolina Mallol
Summary: This study conducted heating experiments on lipid biomarkers extracted from different tissues of Celtis australis plants, revealing isotopic variations during short-term low-temperature combustion. It emphasizes the cautious interpretation of δH-2(wax) values in archaeological or highly anthropogenic environments, and highlights the potential for palaeoclimate information analysis.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ellery Frahm, Daniel S. Adler, Boris Gasparyan, Bing Luo, Carolina Mallol, Goran Pajovic, Gilbert B. Tostevin, Benik Yeritsyan, Gilliane Monnier
Summary: Studies on organic lithic micro-residues have advanced in the past decade, but contamination remains a challenging issue that affects the reliability of residue identifications. Both modern and ancient contaminants can impact residue analysis, and researchers should systematically rule out all possible contaminants before interpreting the results.
Article
Archaeology
Somaye Khaksar, Nisarg Desai, Metin Eren, Gilbert Tostevin
Summary: Separating different aspects of an object through cutting is an important factor in the origin and evolution of flaked stone technology. Experiments have shown that the curvature and length of stone flakes can affect the efficiency of cutting tasks. These findings have implications for understanding the emergence of tool forms and reduction sequences during the Pleistocene.
Article
Geography, Physical
Margarita Jambrina-Enriquez, Carolina Mallol, Gilbert Tostevin, Gilliane Monnier, Goran Pajovic, Nikola Borovinic, Mile Bakovic
Summary: This study presents a hydroclimatic reconstruction from Crvena Stijena rock shelter in Montenegro, Balkan Peninsula. The researchers integrated lipid biomarkers, hydrogen isotopic compositions, and organic elemental geochemistry to reconstruct the hydrological and environmental changes during the MIS 3. The study found evidence of aridity trends and identified correlations with the Heinrich Event 5.
QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Anthropology
Laura Tome, Margarita Jambrina-Enriquez, Natalia Eguez, Antonio Herrera-Herrera, Javier Davara, Efrain Marrero Salas, Matilde Arnay de la Rosa, Carolina Mallol
Summary: High-altitude island environments pose challenges for human subsistence, but also provide valuable insights into human biological and cultural adaptations. A study of the highest altitude cave archaeological site in the Canary Islands reveals that the aboriginal population regularly occupied the highlands, bringing goats and firewood with them. Further research is needed to explore fuel source usage, the seasonality of these occupations, and the differences with lowland sites.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Geography, Physical
Martina Demuro, Lee J. Arnold, Jesus Gonzalez-Urquijo, Talia Lazuen, Manuel Frochoso
Summary: The Axlor cave site in Biscay, Spain, contains valuable Middle Palaeolithic records for the North Atlantic Iberian region, but its age is uncertain. In this study, we used single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and single-grain thermally transferred OSL (TT-OSL) dating to improve the age estimation. Our results indicate that the sediment sequence at Axlor accumulated over a period of approximately 50,000 years, with different levels deposited during specific marine isotope stages (MIS). The study highlights the importance of single-grain optical dating in understanding the broader evolution of the Middle Palaeolithic in southwestern Europe.
JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE
(2023)