Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Katelyn J. Yoo, Akriti Mehta, Joshua Mak, David Bishai, Collins Chansa, Bryan Patenaude
Summary: The study evaluates the equity of COVID-19 vaccine allocation and distribution through COVAX. It finds that countries and territories with lower GDP per capita benefit more from vaccine distribution, especially when adjusting for population age group.
BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Mark Eccleston-Turner, Harry Upton
Summary: The paper highlights the importance of equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines and the challenges faced by the COVAX Facility in achieving this goal. While the funding mechanism deployed by the COVAX Pillar appears to be effective in promoting research and development of vaccines, the prevalence of vaccine nationalism may limit equitable access to vaccines.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Tania Manriquez Roa, Felicitas Holzer, Florencia Luna, Nikola Biller-Andorno
Summary: The study found that experts, despite different views on vaccine allocation, agree on the importance of joining a global cooperation mechanism. Incentives to join COVAX vary among countries, with specific barriers emerging in the early implementation phase. Countries may be trapped in a zero-sum game regarding global vaccine supply.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Meekang Sung, Yangmu Huang, Yuqi Duan, Fangjing Liu, Yinzi Jin, Zhijie Zheng
Summary: The study examined the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of vaccine developers during the pandemic and found that developers have made large profits, faced challenges in vaccine delivery, and had low participation in COVAX. Most vaccine supply agreements were secretive bilateral deals, raising questions about equitable pricing and CSR practices.
Article
Ethics
Siddhanth Sharma, Nisrine Kawa, Apoorva Gomber
Summary: COVAX is a global collaboration project facilitating the development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, with an allocation mechanism consisting of equal distribution and need-based allocation. Some have questioned the fairness of this mechanism, proposing a need-based framework that prioritizes individuals. While theoretically a need-based distribution is more morally justifiable, in political reality, an equal distribution seems more effective in reducing deaths and disparities.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
G. Owen Schaefer, Ezekiel J. Emanuel, Caesar A. Atuire, R. J. Leland, Govind Persad, Henry S. Richardson, Carla Saenz
Summary: As monkeypox continues to spread globally, vaccines are crucial in reducing infection harms and preventing transmission. However, the countries most in need are unable to acquire enough vaccines, which is unfair. To address this issue, the Fair Priority Model should be applied to ensure equitable vaccine allocation.
Editorial Material
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jenna Fritz, Elizabeth Griffin, Rachel Hammack, Tara Herrick, Courtney Jarrahian
Summary: Supply of autodisable syringes is crucial for global COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, and efforts should be made to overcome distribution challenges, improve syringe logistics, and prepare for possible new variants or global outbreaks.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
LaTasha R. Holden, Gabriel J. Tanenbaum
Summary: Assessments of human intelligence have historically contributed to inequality and injustice. Modern considerations for intelligence assessment must prioritize equity and fairness. This article discusses diversity, equity, and inclusion concerns in assessment practices, proposes a non-g emergent view of intelligence, and presents empirical evidence supporting the use of non-g models for promoting equity and fairness. The article concludes with suggestions for researchers and practitioners.
JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Kanghyun Heo, Kisong Lee
Summary: This study investigates the proportional fair trajectory design and resource allocation for a UAV-assisted SWIPT system. The proposed scheme achieves higher average spectral efficiency and ensures user fairness through simulations.
Article
Economics
Eric Budish, Hannah Kettler, Scott Duke Kominers, Erik Osland, Canice Prendergast, Andrew A. Torkelson
Summary: The article describes and reviews the allocation process of the COVAX international vaccine collaboration, which aims to distribute vaccines equitably worldwide. It also discusses alternative market design approaches and provides suggestions for future global vaccine cooperation.
OXFORD REVIEW OF ECONOMIC POLICY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Rutger Daems, Edith Maes
Summary: Developing and distributing a COVID-19 vaccine is a challenging task. The article focuses on policy and strategic aspects to accelerate innovation, fair allocation, and distribution. It explores multiple stakeholders' perspectives and identifies seven important lessons.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Ahmad Ali Khan, Raviraj Adve, Akram Bin Sediq, Ali Afana
Summary: In this study, it is found that the original problem of power control for sum-log-average-throughput can be reformulated as a convex optimization problem, which can be efficiently solved to obtain the global optimal solution. Furthermore, the generalization of this result shows that the problem of maximizing long-term average a-fair utility can also be reformulated as a convex problem within a certain parameter range. Numerical results demonstrate a significant improvement in LTAPF throughput compared to state-of-the-art algorithms used to solve the max-WSR problem.
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Management
Parag A. Pathak, Tayfun Soenmez, M. Utku Unver, M. Bumin Yenmez
Summary: The traditional priority system for allocating scarce life-saving resources has limitations and may discriminate against disadvantaged communities. To address these issues, we propose a reserve system as an alternative allocation rule and develop a general theory of reserve design.
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Shaochuan Wu, Yuming Wei, Shuo Zhang, Weixiao Meng
Summary: This study focuses on user-centric networks and proposes a solution for resource allocation by decomposing the problem into intra-group sub-problems and utilizing local channel state information. The proposed scheme achieves higher throughput while maintaining fairness among users.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Omar Elkharouf, Kate Cox, David Schlosberg, Alana Mann, Eva Perroni
Summary: Food insecurity in Australia is a serious and underestimated policy issue that has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and financial crisis. Comprehensive interventions are needed to address this complex reality more effectively.
Article
Economics
Stephane Verguet, Ole F. Norheim
Summary: The study focuses on improving health and financial risk protection as major objectives of national health systems, and proposes a method to estimate and compare the distributions in both health and financial benefits of health interventions. Key findings suggest that financial risk protection is critical for less lethal diseases and that quantitative valuation of inequality aversion across income groups is important. The study recommends using sensitivity analyses and presenting all distributional health and financial outcomes in a disaggregated form for policy development in the health sector.
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Trisha Greenhalgh, Stephen Griffin, Deepti Gurdasani, Adam Hamdy, Aris Katzourakis, Martin McKee, Susan Michie, Christina Pagel, Alice Roberts, Kit Yates, Nisreen Alwan, Raymond Agius, Haitham Ahmed, Simon Ashworth, Charlotte Augst, Simon L. Bacon, Emil J. Bergholtz, David Blanchflower, Arnold Bosman, Nissaf Bouafif Ep Ben Alaya, Katherine Brown, Matthew Butler, Molly Byrne, Roberto Cacciola, Danielle J. Cane, Fidelia Cascini, Mohamed Chahed, K. K. Cheng, Anthony Costello, Andrew Conway Morris, Roz Davies, Colin Davis, Brendan Delaney, Denise Dewald, David Drew, Andrew Ewing, John Drury, David Fisman, Sharon Friel, Malgorzata Gasperowicz, David Robert Grimes, Zubaida Haque, William A. Haseltine, Orla Hegarty, Simon Hodes, Eilir Hughes, Zoe Hyde, Lisa Iannattone, Alejandro R. Jadad, Neena Jha, Jose Luis Jimenez, Jose Luis Jimenez, John Johnson, Abraar Karan, Kamlesh Khunti, Najwa Khuri-Bulos, Woo Joo Kim, Matthew J. Knight, Kim L. Lavoie, Tom Lawton, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Anthony Joseph Leonardi, Eyal Leshem, Liz Lightstone, Peter V. Markov, Jose M. Martin-Moreno, Petra Meier, Jonathan Mesiano-Crookston, Asit Kumar Mishra, Michael Moore, Sterghios A. Moschos, C. David Naylor, Taylor Nichols, David Nicholl, Ole F. Norheim, Matthew Oliver, Christine Peters, Deenan Pillay, Dominic Pimenta, Kashif Pirzada, Catherine Pope, Kimberly A. Prather, Geraint Preest, Zeshan Quereshi, Katrin Rabiei, James Ray, K. Srinath Reddy, Walter Ricciardi, Ken Rice, Eleanor Robertson, Kim Roberts, Tomas Ryan, Helen Salisbury, Gabriel Scally, Robert T. Schooley, Vipul Shah, Joshua Silver, Natalie Silvey, Manoj Sivan, Luis Eugenio Souza, Anthony Staines, David Tomlinson, Collin Tukuitonga, Charles Vincent, Joe Vipond, Robert West, Angela C. Weyand, Hisham Ziauddeen
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Audun Brendbekken, Bjarne Robberstad, Ole F. Norheim
Summary: This article describes and assesses the development of the public debate on Norwegian healthcare rationing through three cases in print media. The findings suggest that there is a wide media deliberation on the issue, with opposition views being reported more frequently. The introduction of New Methods has institutionalized healthcare rationing and isolated the public debate from the political sphere. The article concludes that these findings provide a stakeholder learning opportunity regarding media coverage and engagement with expensive specialist healthcare decision-making in Norway.
BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Anand Bhopal, Kristine Baeroe, Ole F. Norheim
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Siddhanth Sharma, R. Daniel Bressler, Anand Bhopal, Ole F. Norheim
Summary: Earlier decarbonisation has a significant impact on temperature-related mortality. Many uncertainties exist and health impacts other than temperature-related mortality are not captured by this analysis. Nevertheless, such models can help communicate the health risk of climate change and improve climate policy decision making.
Editorial Material
Health Care Sciences & Services
Amirhossein Takian, Arefeh Mousavi, Martin McKee, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Ronald Labonte, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, Ruairi Brugha, Elizabeth Bradley, Lawrence Gostin, Eivind Engebretsen, Nir Eyal, Sharon Friel, Victor G. Rodwin, Ole F. Norheim, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Naoki Ikegami, Agnes Binagwaho, Ilona Kickbusch, Aidin Aryankhesal, Ali-Akbar Haghdoost
Summary: In line with the global trend, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is vulnerable to the health effects of climate change, and the region's parties are determined to host COP27 to mitigate and prevent these effects.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Ala Alwan, Reza Majdzadeh, Gavin Yamey, Karl Blanchet, Alemayehu Hailu, Mohamed Jama, Kjell Arne Johansson, Mohammed Yusuf Ahmed Musa, Omar Mwalim, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Najibullah Safi, Sameen Siddiqi, Raza Zaidi
Summary: This paper reviews the experience of six low-income and lower middle-income countries in setting their own essential packages of health services. The analysis found that health system strengthening and sustainable financing are major challenges. EPHS implementation is more likely when health system gaps are addressed and when there are realistic and sustainable financing prospects. It also emphasizes the importance of political commitment, leadership, and engagement with stakeholders in the design and implementation process.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Tarun Shankar Choudhary, Sarmila Mazumder, Oystein A. Haaland, Sunita Taneja, Rajiv Bahl, Jose Martines, Maharaj Kishan Bhan, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Halvor Sommerfelt, Nita Bhandari, Kjell Arne Johansson
Summary: Kangaroo Mother Care initiated in community setting can significantly reduce healthcare out-of-pocket expenditures and the risk of impoverishment, providing financial risk protection for households.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anand Bhopal, Ole F. Norheim
Summary: The health sector has a role to play in decarbonization efforts and should focus on fair pathways to net-zero healthcare that address health and socioeconomic inequalities. It has been recognized in the past decade that not only is the health sector at risk from climate change, but it is also a major emitter of greenhouse gases. In November 2021, the World Health Organization and its partners launched the COP26 Health Programme and established the Alliance for Transformative Action on Climate and Health to support sustainable and low-carbon health systems. Fair distribution of the remaining carbon budget and health benefits is crucial, considering the disparities in health financing, carbon emissions, and unmet health needs worldwide.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Michael Tekle Palm, Mieraf Taddesse Tolla, Solomon Tessema Memirie, Eden Shiferaw Kefyalew, Daniel F. Hailu, Ole Norheim, Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Summary: Despite the recent interest in expanding pediatric oncology units in Ethiopia, little is known about the cost of running such units and treating childhood cancers. This study collected cost data for a pediatric oncology unit and other departments in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital from July 2018 to July 2019, and estimated the total annual cost of running the unit. The results showed that running a pediatric oncology unit in Ethiopia is likely to be affordable.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Mizan Kiros, Solomon Tessema Memirie, Mieraf Taddesse Taddesse Tolla, Michael Tekle Palm, Daniel Hailu, Ole F. Norheim
Summary: The study aims to estimate the cost-effectiveness of running a pediatric oncology unit in Ethiopia to provide decision support for the revision of the Ethiopia Essential Health Service Package (EEHSP). A decision tree model was used to compare the cost and effectiveness of running a pediatric oncology unit with no pediatric oncology care. The results showed that the incremental cost and DALYs averted per child treated in the pediatric oncology unit were USD 876 and 2.4, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was USD 361 per DALY averted, indicating that running a pediatric oncology unit is cost-effective in Ethiopia.
Article
Ethics
Hakon Amdam, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Carl Tollef Solberg, Jasper R. Littmann
Summary: This article discusses the fairness of geographically targeted vaccinations (GTVs) and examines the case of Norway as an example. GTVs allocate vaccines based on the local epidemiological situation and incidence rates, which is an alternative priority setting strategy to personal characteristics. The article explores the potential effects, public perception, and ethical issues of GTVs, and concludes that a consequentialist approach valuing both total health outcomes and equality is the most reasonable defense of GTV.
PUBLIC HEALTH ETHICS
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Israel Fekade Zewde, Abbi Kedir, Ole F. Norheim
Summary: This study assesses the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in Ethiopia and identifies the significant factors that lead to higher out-of-pocket health expenditure. The findings show that larger families, the unemployed, the extremely poor, those who seek care at private-owned providers, and families with members affected by chronic illness face higher medical expenses.
HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
David A. Watkins, William T. Msemburi, Sarah J. Pickersgill, Yoshito Kawakatsu, Adrian Gheorghe, Katie Dain, Kjell Arne Johansson, Sanaa Said, Nina Renshaw, Mieraf T. Tolla, Pakwanja D. Twea, Cherian Varghese, Kalipso Chalkidou, Majid Ezzati, Ole F. Norheim
Summary: Most countries have made little progress in reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and this paper presents evidence-based interventions that can be implemented to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal target. It emphasizes the importance of protecting current investments and scaling up interventions, especially in light of COVID-19 disruptions.
Review
Health Care Sciences & Services
Solomon Tessema Memirie, Wubaye Walelgne Dagnaw, Mahlet Kifle Habtemariam, Alemayehu Bekele, Dejuma Yadeta, Amsalu Bekele, Wondu Bekele, Molla Gedefaw, Mathewos Assefa, Mieraf Taddese Tolla, Awoke Misganaw, Neil Gupta, Gene Bukhman, Ole F. Norheim
Summary: This study conducted by Ethiopia NCDI Commission aimed to determine the burden of NCDIs, prioritize interventions, estimate the cost, and assess the available fiscal space for NCDI interventions. It found a large and diverse NCDI burden in Ethiopia, with risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes contributing to the prevalence of NCDIs. The commission recommended 90 top-priority NCDI interventions for implementation, with an estimated additional annual cost of $550m.
ETHIOPIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES
(2022)
