期刊
VIRUSES-BASEL
卷 12, 期 12, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v12121354
关键词
alphaherpesvirus; adaptive immune response; herpesviral evasion
类别
资金
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT) of Japan
- grants for the International Joint Research Project of the Institute of Medical Science
- University of Tokyo from the MEXT
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Mitsubishi Foundation
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
Alphaherpesviruses cause various diseases and establish life-long latent infections in humans and animals. These viruses encode multiple viral proteins and miRNAs to evade the host immune response, including both innate and adaptive immunity. Alphaherpesviruses evolved highly advanced immune evasion strategies to be able to replicate efficiently in vivo and produce latent infections with recurrent outbreaks. This review describes the immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses, especially against cytotoxic host immune responses. Considering these strategies, it is important to evaluate whether the immune evasion mechanisms in cell cultures are applicable to viral propagation and pathogenicity in vivo. This review focuses on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells), and natural killer T cells (NKT cells), which are representative immune cells that directly damage virus-infected cells. Since these immune cells recognize the ligands expressed on their target cells via specific activating and/or inhibitory receptors, alphaherpesviruses make several ligands that may be targets for immune evasion. In addition, alphaherpesviruses suppress the infiltration of CTLs by downregulating the expression of chemokines at infection sites in vivo. Elucidation of the alphaherpesvirus immune evasion mechanisms is essential for the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines.
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