Hypothalamo-Pituitary axis and puberty

Puberty is a complex process that culminates in the acquisition of psychophysical maturity and reproductive capacity. This elaborate and fascinating process marks the end of childhood. Behind it lies a complex, genetically mediated neuroendocrine mechanism through which the gonads are activated thanks to the fine balance between central inhibitory and stimulating neuromodulators and hormones with both central and peripheral action. The onset of puberty involves the reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, supported by the initial kiss between kisspeptin and the hypothalamic neurons that secrete GnRH (the GnRH pulse generator). This pulsatile production of GnRH is followed by a rise in LH and, consequently, in gonadal steroids. The onset of puberty varies naturally between individuals, and especially between males and females, in the latter of whom it is typically earlier. However, pathological variations, namely precocious and delayed puberty, are also possible. This article reviews the scientific literature on the physiological mechanisms of puberty and the main pathophysiological aspects of its onset.

Automated summary

Puberty is a complex process that involves a delicate balance of neuroendocrine mechanisms and hormones to achieve psychophysical maturity and reproductive capacity. The onset of puberty is triggered by interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads, with significant variations between genders and individuals, as well as possible pathological variations such as precocious and delayed puberty.