Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xianfeng Hu, Elsayed Mousa, Yang Tian, Guozhu Ye
Summary: This study explores the recovery of valuable elements from lithium-ion batteries through smelting reduction processes, with a focus on recovering Co, Ni, Mn, and lithium simultaneously. The results show that with the addition of halides like CaF2 and CaCl2, nearly 100% recovery of metals and lithium can be achieved.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Guorui Qu, Jiaqi Yang, Hao Wang, Yuxuan Ran, Bo Li, Yonggang Wei
Summary: The high-temperature smelting process based on pyrometallurgy is influential in the industrial scale recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This study systematically discusses the applicability of the reduction smelting process to different cathode materials. The results show that the reduction smelting process can effectively recover and transfer target elements from the four different cathode materials of spent LIBs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hayder Ali, Hassan A. Khan, Michael G. Pecht
Summary: The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and portable electronics has raised concerns about supply risks and environmental issues associated with battery disposal. Current recycling processes vary and have economic implications, while there is potential for reusing spent batteries for lower-end energy storage applications. Further research and development are needed to optimize the economic and environmental benefits of recycling lithium-ion batteries.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2021)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Sezgin Yasa, Ozan Aydin, Mohammed Al-Bujasim, Burak Birol, Metin Gencten
Summary: This article presents the most recent research on the recycling of active elements in Li-ion batteries, discussing the current techniques and procedures for recycling commonly used Li-ion battery types. It compiles and presents data on the effectiveness of different recycling processes and the reuse of recovered materials. The article aims to aid readers in their studies and research on the growing importance of recycling used Li-ion batteries.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Jedrzej Piatek, Semih Afyon, Tetyana M. Budnyak, Serhiy Budnyk, Mika H. Sipponen, Adam Slabon
Summary: The commercial success of Li-ion batteries in the 1990s has led to environmental hazards from disposed batteries, raising questions about the greenness of current recycling technologies. Although industrially applied recycling technologies may have high overall efficiency, they often lack true circularity principles, which calls for a shift towards more sustainable and energy-efficient processes in the recycling of LIBs.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Youqi Fan, Hu Li, Chang Lu, Shiliang Chen, Yonglin Yao, Hanbing He, Shuai Ma, Zhen Peng, Kangjun Shao
Summary: An innovative approach is developed for the simultaneous recovery of Co, Ni, and Cu while selectively enriching Li into the slag based on the crystal structure characteristics of natural spodumene. The effects of various factors on metal recovery were investigated, and it was found that Li, Co, Ni, and Cu could be efficiently recovered with Li concentrated in the slag. By sulfation roasting-leaching, a high leaching efficiency of Li can be achieved. This study provides valuable insights for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries and increasing the utilization of high-value metals.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Stefan Windisch-Kern, Eva Gerold, Thomas Nigl, Aleksander Jandric, Michael Altendorfer, Bettina Rutrecht, Silvia Scherhaufer, Harald Raupenstrauch, Roland Pomberger, Helmut Antrekowitsch, Florian Part
Summary: Considering the growing demand for electric vehicles and the criticality of raw materials, recycling of lithium-ion batteries has become increasingly important. This study reviews the current technologies for recycling LIBs and discusses future opportunities and challenges in recovering critical materials such as lithium and cobalt. The research highlights the impact of physicochemical properties of intermediate products on recycling rates and emphasizes the need for improved information sharing and data collection to enable closed loop recycling.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Tirath Raj, Kuppam Chandrasekhar, Amradi Naresh Kumar, Pooja Sharma, Ashok Pandey, Min Jang, Byong-Hun Jeon, Sunita Varjani, Sang-Hyoun Kim
Summary: The increase in the number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has raised concerns due to their hazardous components and potential environmental and health risks. However, LIBs can also be a valuable source of transition metals for recycling. This article introduces the concept of LIBs, reviews state-of-art technologies for metal recycling processes, and emphasizes on pretreatment approaches, metal extraction, and different metallurgical methods.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Fathima Ali Kayakool, Binitha Gangaja, Shantikumar Nair, Dhamodaran Santhanagopalan
Summary: The recycling and regeneration of graphite from spent Li-ion batteries can be utilized for the fabrication of Li-ion based all-carbon dual-ion batteries, achieving promising electrochemical performance.
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES
(2021)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ruiwang Zhang, Sijie Yang, Haobo Li, Tianyou Zhai, Huiqiao Li
Summary: With the development of electrode materials and the shifting of battery systems, the air sensitivity of electrode materials has become increasingly important. It is of great significance to understand the air degradation mechanism and explore new methods to enhance the air stability of electrode materials for the development of batteries with better performance. This review summarizes the issues related to air exposure of electrode materials in Li/Na ion batteries, including factors related to air sensitivity, degradation mechanisms, and recent progress in improving air stability.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Zsolt Dobo, Truong Dinh, Tibor Kulcsar
Summary: Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles and portable electronic devices due to their high power density. The increasing number of used LIBs has become a serious threat to the environment and human health. This paper introduces battery structures, provides an overview of waste LIBs and their recycling status, and analyzes recent advancements in recycling technologies. It can serve as a useful reference for researchers and engineers looking to apply these concepts.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoxue Wu, Guanjun Ji, Junxiong Wang, Guangmin Zhou, Zheng Liang
Summary: Lithium-based batteries are transitioning from liquid to solid state, with all solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASSLMBs) being the most promising candidates. This paper analyzes the challenges, progress, and prospects of recycling ASSLMBs, highlighting the importance of sustainable recycling technologies and designing battery-recycling-oriented ASSLMBs. Future research directions, challenges, and strategies for achieving sustainable development of ASSLMBs are outlined.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Lijing Xie, Cheng Tang, Zhihong Bi, Mingxin Song, Yafeng Fan, Chong Yan, Xiaoming Li, Fangyuan Su, Qiang Zhang, Chengmeng Chen
Summary: Hard carbons, with their enriched microcrystalline structure, have attracted attention as a promising anode material for high-energy LIBs, but face challenges such as low initial efficiency and capacity issues. Current research efforts are focused on addressing these challenges to enable practical application in next-generation batteries.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jieun Kim, Yongho Shin, Byoungwoo Kang
Summary: Low-cost Fe can be used as an alternative to high-cost d(0)-species for the formation of cation-disordered rocksalt Li-excess (DRX) materials. However, Fe-based DRX materials have several challenges, such as large voltage hysteresis, low electrochemical activity, and poor cyclability. In this study, a novel Li-Fe-Ti-Mo electrode material (LFTMO) with high capacity and reasonable stability is reported. The introduction of redox-active Mo4+/5+ into Fe-based DRX materials helps stabilize the oxygen redox reaction and suppress the Fe redox reaction, improving the performance of the electrode material.
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Youngjun Shin, Seoa Kim, Sanghyuk Park, Jimin Lee, Jihyeon Bae, Dongwoo Kim, Hyeoncheol Joo, Sungho Ban, Haeun Lee, Yonghoon Kim, Kyungjung Kwon
Summary: This review comprehensively covers the direct recycling process of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs), including liberation and regeneration processes, separation technologies, degradation mechanisms of cathode active materials, regeneration methods, and electrochemical performance of regenerated materials. The impacts of impurities during the direct recycling process are discussed, and research issues for commercialization are suggested.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Xianfeng Hu, Qixing Yang, Lena Sundqvist Okvist, Bo Bjorkman
STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2016)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Xianfeng Hu, Lidong Teng, Haijuan Wang, Lena Sundqvist Okvist, Qixing Yang, Bo Bjorkman, Seshadri Seetharaman
ISIJ INTERNATIONAL
(2016)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
E. Astrom, G. Bonomi, I. Calliari, P. Calvini, P. Checchia, A. Donzella, E. Faraci, F. Forsberg, F. Gonella, X. Hu, J. Klinger, L. Sundqvist Okvist, D. Pagano, A. Rigoni, E. Ramous, M. Urbani, S. Vanini, A. Zenoni, G. Zumerle
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2016)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Xianfeng Hu, Lena Sundqvist Okvist, Johan Eriksson, Qixing Yang, Bo Bjorkman
STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2017)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
L. Jiang, Y. Bao, X. Hu, Y. Chen, G. Liu, F. Han, Q. Yan, J. Wu
IRONMAKING & STEELMAKING
(2019)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Xianfeng Hu, Lena Sundqvist Okvist, Elin Astrom, Fredrik Forsberg, Paolo Checchia, Germano Bonomi, Irene Calliari, Piero Calvini, Antonietta Donzella, Eros Faraci, Franco Gonella, Joel Klinger, Davide Pagan, Andrea Rigoni, Pietro Zanuttigh, Paolo Ronchese, Michele Urbani, Sara Vanini, Aldo Zenoni, Gianni Zumerle
ISIJ INTERNATIONAL
(2018)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
X. Hu, L. Sundqvist Okvist, Q. Yang, B. Bjorkman
IRONMAKING & STEELMAKING
(2015)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xianfeng Hu, Lena Sundqvist Okvist, Martin Olund
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Xianfeng Hu, Tova Jarnerud, Andrey Karasev, Par G. Jonsson, Chuan Wang
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2020)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Tova Jarnerud, Xianfeng Hu, Andrey V. Karasev, Chuan Wang, Par G. Jonsson
STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xianfeng Hu, Elsayed Mousa, Yang Tian, Guozhu Ye
Summary: This study explores the recovery of valuable elements from lithium-ion batteries through smelting reduction processes, with a focus on recovering Co, Ni, Mn, and lithium simultaneously. The results show that with the addition of halides like CaF2 and CaCl2, nearly 100% recovery of metals and lithium can be achieved.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xianfeng Hu, Astrid Robles, Tommy Vikstrom, Pekka Vaananen, Mats Zackrisson, Guozhu Ye
Summary: By pyrometallurgically treating black mass materials from spent alkaline and zinc-carbon batteries, valuable Mn-Zn, ZnO, and MnO products are produced for applications such as micronutrient fertilizer, zinc metal, and manganese alloy. This proposed scenario significantly enhances the recovery efficiency of the batteries.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Elsayed Mousa, Xianfeng Hu, Ludvig Annhagen, Guozhu Ye, Antonella Cornelio, Ario Fahimi, Elza Bontempi, Patrizia Frontera, Charlotte Badenhorst, Ana Claudia Santos, Karen Moreira, Alexandra Guedes, Bruno Valentim
Summary: This paper reports on the characterization of two grades of black mass from spent lithium-ion batteries and their behavior during heating trials. The study provides important insights for optimizing lithium-ion battery recycling processes by fully characterizing black mass samples before and after heating.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Amanda Rensmo, Eleni K. Savvidou, Ian T. Cousins, Xianfeng Hu, Steffen Schellenberger, Jonathan P. Benskin
Summary: Recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is vital for meeting the increasing demand for metals and achieving a sustainable circular economy. However, there is limited knowledge about the environmental risks associated with LIB recycling, particularly the emission of persistent fluorinated substances. This study provides an overview of the use of fluorinated substances in LIBs and highlights the potential formation and release of persistent fluorinated substances during the recycling process. It calls for further investigation and suggests the substitution of PFAS-based materials or changes in process conditions to prevent the formation and emission of persistent fluorinated substances.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tianyu Chen, Zhibin Lu, Guangjin Zeng, Yongmin Xie, Jie Xiao, Zhifeng Xu
Summary: The study introduces a high-performance LSGM electrolyte-supported tubular DC-SOFC stack for portable applications, which shows great potential in developing into high-performing, efficient, and environmentally friendly portable power sources for distributed applications.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wenbin Tong, Yili Chen, Shijie Gong, Shaokun Zhu, Jie Tian, Jiaqian Qin, Wenyong Chen, Shuanghong Chen
Summary: In this study, a three-dimensional porous NiO interface layer with enhanced anode dynamics is fabricated, forming a Schottky contact with the zinc substrate, allowing rapid and uniform zinc plating both inside and below the interface layer. The resulting NiO@Zn exhibits exceptional stability and high capacity retention.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yafeng Bai, Kaidi Li, Liying Wang, Yang Gao, Xuesong Li, Xijia Yang, Wei Lu
Summary: In this study, a flexible zinc ion supercapacitor with gel electrolytes, porous alpha-MnO2@reduced graphene oxide cathode, and activated carbon/carbon cloth anode was developed. The device exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and stability, even at low temperatures, with a high cycle retention rate after 5000 cycles.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Anmol Jnawali, Matt D. R. Kok, Francesco Iacoviello, Daniel J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing
Summary: This article presents the results of a systematic study on the electrochemical performance and mechanical changes in two types of commercial batteries with different anode chemistry. The study reveals that the swelling of anode layers in batteries with silicon-based components causes deformations in the jelly roll structure, but the presence of a small percentage of silicon does not significantly impact the cycling performance of the cells within the relevant state-of-health range for electric vehicles (EVs). The research suggests that there is room for improving the cell capacities by increasing the silicon loading in composite anodes to meet the increasing demands on EVs.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yohandys A. Zulueta, My Phuong Pham-Ho, Minh Tho Nguyen
Summary: Advanced atomistic simulations were used to study ion transport in the Na- and K-doped lithium disilicate Li2Si2O5. The results showed that Na and K doping significantly enhanced Li ion diffusion and conduction in the material.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zongying Han, Hui Dong, Yanru Yang, Hao Yu, Zhibin Yang
Summary: An efficient phase inversion-impregnation approach is developed to fabricate BaO-decorated Ni8 mol% YSZ anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with anti-coking properties. BaO nanoislands are successfully introduced inside the Ni-YSZ anode, leading to higher peak power densities and improved stability in methane fuel. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the loading of BaO nanoislands facilitates carbon elimination by capturing and dissociating H2O molecules to generate OH.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Suresh Mamidi, Dan Na, Baeksang Yoon, Henu Sharma, Anil D. Pathak, Kisor Kumar Sahu, Dae Young Lee, Cheul-Ro Lee, Inseok Seo
Summary: Li-CO2 batteries, which utilize CO2 and have a high energy density, are hindered in practical applications due to slow kinetics and safety hazards. This study introduces a stable and highly conductive ceramic-based solid electrolyte and a metal-organic framework catalyst to improve the safety and performance of Li-CO2 batteries. The optimized Li-CO2 cell shows outstanding specific capacity and cycle life, and the post-cycling analysis reveals the degradation mechanism of the electrodes. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory are also performed to understand the interactions between the catalyst and the host electrode. This research demonstrates the potential of MOF cathode catalyst for stable operation in Li-CO2 batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ganghua Xiang, Zhihuan Qiu, Huilong Fei, Zhigang Liu, Shuangfeng Yin, Yuen Wu
Summary: In this study, a CeFeOx-supported Pt single atoms and subnanometric clusters catalyst was developed, which exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and stability for the preferential oxidation of CO in H2-rich stream through synergistic effect.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Dimitrios Chatzogiannakis, Marcus Fehse, Maria Angeles Cabanero, Natalia Romano, Ashley Black, Damien Saurel, M. Rosa Palacin, Montse Casas-Cabanas
Summary: By coupling electrochemical testing to operando synchrotron based X-ray absorption and powder diffraction experiments, blended positive electrodes consisting of LiMn2O4 spinel (LMO) and layered LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) were studied to understand their redox mechanism. It was found that blending NMC with LMO can enhance energy density at high rates, with the blend containing 25% LMO showing the best performance. Testing with a special electrochemical setup revealed that the effective current load on each blend component can vary significantly from the nominal rate and also changes with SoC. Operando studies allowed monitoring of the oxidation state evolution and changes in crystal structure, in line with the expected behavior of individual components considering their electrochemical current loads.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chiara Cementon, Daniel Dewar, Thrinathreddy Ramireddy, Michael Brennan, Alexey M. Glushenkov
Summary: This Perspective discusses the specific power and power density of lithium-ion capacitors, highlighting the fact that their power characteristics are often underestimated. Through analysis, it is found that lithium-ion capacitors can usually achieve power densities superior to electrochemical supercapacitors, making them excellent alternatives to supercapacitors.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Weihao Wang, Hao Yu, Li Ma, Youquan Zhang, Yuejiao Chen, Libao Chen, Guichao Kuang, Liangjun Zhou, Weifeng Wei
Summary: This study achieved an improved electrolyte with excellent low-temperature and high-voltage performance by regulating the Li+ solvation structure and highly concentrating it. The electrolyte exhibited outstanding oxidation potential and high ionic conductivity under low temperature and high voltage conditions, providing a promising approach for the practical application of high-voltage LIBs.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Martin Bures, Dan Gotz, Jiri Charvat, Milos Svoboda, Jaromir Pocedic, Juraj Kosek, Alexandr Zubov, Petr Mazur
Summary: Vanadium redox flow battery is a promising energy storage solution with long-term durability, non-flammability, and high overall efficiency. Researchers have developed a mathematical model to simulate the charge-discharge cycling of the battery, and found that hydraulic connection of electrolyte tanks is the most effective strategy to reduce capacity losses, achieving a 69% reduction.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. Rodriguez-Gomez, J. Campo, A. Orera, F. de La Fuente, J. Valenciano, H. Fricke, D. S. Hussey, Y. Chen, D. Yu, K. An, A. Larrea
Summary: In this study, we analysed the operando performance of industrial lead cells using neutron diffraction experiments. The experiments revealed the evolution of different phases in the positive electrode, showed significant inhomogeneity of phase distribution inside the electrode, and estimated the energy efficiency of the cells.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiawei Liu, Chenpeng Wang, Yue Yao, Hao Ye, Yinglong Liu, Yingli Liu, Xiaoru Xu, Zhicong Chen, Huazheng Yang, Gang Wu, Libin Lei, Chao Wang, Bo Liang
Summary: The study focuses on utilizing double conductive Ni-pads as anode collectors in micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells. The simulation results show excellent performance and stability of DCNPs, and also highlight the potential applications in various fields.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yang Wang, Kangjie Zhou, Lang Cui, Jiabing Mei, Shengnan Li, Le Li, Wei Fan, Longsheng Zhang, Tianxi Liu
Summary: This study presents a polyimide sandwiched separator (s-PIF) for improving the cycling stability of Li-metal batteries. The s-PIF separator exhibits superior mechanical property, electrolyte adsorption/retention and ion conductivity, and enables dendrite-free Li plating/stripping process.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)