Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Guodong Chen, Kai Zhang, Xiaoming Xue, Liming Zhang, Chuanjin Yao, Jian Wang, Jun Yao
Summary: In this paper, a novel surrogate-assisted algorithm called RSAEH is proposed for high-dimensional expensive optimization problems. The algorithm combines local search with surrogate-guided prescreening to improve convergence speed. Experimental results show that RSAEH achieves the best optimization results on benchmark problems and also performs well on a real-world oil reservoir production optimization problem.
APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Kuihua Huang, Huixiang Zhen, Wenyin Gong, Rui Wang, Weiwei Bian
Summary: To solve high-dimensional expensive optimization problems, a surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm called ESPSO is proposed. ESPSO utilizes evolutionary sampling-assisted strategies to improve population initialization, approximate the objective function landscape with a local radial basis function model, and accelerate the search process with surrogate-assisted local search and surrogate-assisted trust region search. Experimental comparisons with five state-of-the-art surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms demonstrate that ESPSO outperforms the others in terms of search efficiency.
NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Zan Yang, Haobo Qiu, Liang Gao, Danyang Xu, Yuanhao Liu
Summary: This paper proposes a general framework of surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms (GF-SAEAs) to adaptively arrange search strategies based on actual simulation cost differences. It classifies all constraints and designs a level-by-level feasible region-driven local search strategy to locate potential sub-feasible regions. Three different search mechanisms are employed to explore and exploit these located regions. Experimental studies show that GF-SAEAs outperform other state-of-the-art algorithms.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Jakub Kudela, Radomil Matousek
Summary: Standard evolutionary optimization algorithms assume that the evaluation of objective and constraint functions is simple and inexpensive, but in many real-world problems, these evaluations are computationally expensive. Surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms (SAEAs) integrate an evolutionary algorithm with a surrogate model that approximates the expensive function. This paper proposes a surrogate model based on Lipschitz underestimation and develops a differential evolution-based algorithm called LSADE, which performs competitively compared to state-of-the-art algorithms, especially for high-dimensional complex benchmark functions.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Huachao Dong, Peng Wang, Xinkai Yu, Baowei Song
Summary: A surrogate-assisted teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm is proposed for high-dimensional and computationally expensive black-box optimization problems. The algorithm features a two-phase searching framework that combines exploitation of surrogates and metaheuristic exploration, resulting in impressive performance on benchmark cases and shape optimization tasks.
APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING
(2021)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Weizhong Wang, Hai-Lin Liu, Kay Chen Tan
Summary: This article proposes a global and local surrogate-assisted differential evolution algorithm (GL-SADE) that utilizes a global RBF model to estimate global trend and accelerate convergence, as well as a local Kriging model to prevent local optima and further exploit the model through a reward search strategy. The algorithm is validated and demonstrated on benchmark functions of varying dimensions and an airfoil optimization problem.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Nianhui Ye, Teng Long, Renhe Shi, Yufei Wu
Summary: This paper proposes a radial basis function-assisted adaptive differential evolution algorithm for solving high-dimensional expensive black-box optimization problems. The algorithm integrates the radial basis function with the differential evolution framework to approximate the expensive functions. Through the cooperative dual-phase sampling mechanism, the algorithm constantly refines the radial basis function during the optimization process to improve global convergence and optimization efficiency. The algorithm has been successfully applied to engineering problems and demonstrated its practicality and effectiveness.
STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Yi Zhao, Jianchao Zeng, Ying Tan
Summary: The proposed method combines reference vector guided evolutionary algorithm and radial basis function networks to optimize individuals and introduces an infill strategy, showing competitive performance in solving computationally expensive many-objective optimization problems.
APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jinglu Li, Peng Wang, Huachao Dong, Jiangtao Shen
Summary: This paper presents a two-stage surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm (TS-SAEA) for computationally expensive multi/many-objective optimization. The algorithm consists of a convergence stage and a diversity stage, which effectively optimize the objective space. Experimental results show that TS-SAEA has significant advantages on multi/many-objective optimization problems.
SWARM AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Caihua Chen, Xinjing Wang, Huachao Dong, Peng Wang
Summary: This article presents a surrogate-assisted hierarchical learning water cycle algorithm (SA-HLWCA) for high-dimensional expensive optimization problems. The algorithm utilizes two searching modes, global search and local search, to cooperatively search for the optimal solution. The results show that SA-HLWCA performs better in terms of both effectiveness and robustness.
SWARM AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Wenxin Wang, Huachao Dong, Peng Wang, Xinjing Wang, Jiangtao Shen
Summary: This paper presents a novel surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm, CSMOEA, for computationally expensive multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs). The proposed CSMOEA adopts an adaptive clustering strategy to divide the population and a bi-level sampling strategy to select the best samples in both the design and objective space. It shows high efficiency and a good balance between convergence and diversity on benchmark problems, and also demonstrates its effectiveness in solving real-world engineering problems.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Wenxin Wang, Huachao Dong, Peng Wang, Jiangtao Shen
Summary: This paper proposes a bi-indicator-based surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm (BISAEA) for solving computationally expensive multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs). BISAEA utilizes a Pareto-based bi-indicator strategy and a radius-based function (RBF) model to approximate objective values. It also incorporates a one-by-one selection strategy based on angles and Pareto dominance to improve diversity. Experimental results show that BISAEA achieves high efficiency and a good balance between convergence and diversity. Application of BISAEA to a multidisciplinary optimization problem further demonstrates its superior performance on computationally expensive engineering problems.
COMPLEX & INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Operations Research & Management Science
Fusheng Bai, Dongchi Zou, Yutao Wei
Summary: This paper proposes a clustering-based surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm to balance the exploration and exploitation in solving computationally expensive blackbox function optimization problems. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of this algorithm on both synthetic test problems and an application problem.
JOURNAL OF GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jeng-Shyang Pan, Qingwei Liang, Shu-Chuan Chu, Kuo-Kun Tseng, Junzo Watada
Summary: This paper introduces a surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm (SACSO) for solving expensive optimization problems. SACSO combines different search strategies of global search, local search, and opposition-based search, and utilizes generalized surrogate model and elite surrogate model to enhance the optimal performance.
APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Mengtian Wu, Jin Xu, Lingling Wang, Chengxiao Zhang, Hongwu Tang
Summary: This paper proposes an adaptive multi-surrogate and module based optimization algorithm named AMSMO to overcome the accuracy decrease of surrogate models in high-dimensional optimization problems. AMSMO utilizes five modules to improve optimization quality and demonstrates superior performance compared to other algorithms in most cases.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qinyang Dai, Liming Zhang, Kai Zhang, Guodong Chen, Xiaopeng Ma, Jian Wang, Huaqing Zhang, Xia Yan, Piyang Liu, Yongfei Yang
Summary: In this study, an infill well optimization strategy based on the divide-and-conquer principle is proposed. The large-scale realistic reservoir model is divided into several types of small-scale conceptual models using human knowledge, and the surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm is used to obtain the infill well placement laws for this reservoir. The results demonstrate the strong engineering potential and application value of the proposed method in determining the optimal infill well placement in a realistic extra-low permeability reservoir development scenario.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Xiaoling Gong, Ziheng Rong, Jian Wang, Kai Zhang, Shengxiang Yang
Summary: In this paper, a hybrid algorithm based on state-adaptive slime mold model and fractional-order ant system (SSMFAS) is proposed to solve the travelling salesman problem (TSP). The SSMFAS algorithm emphasizes critical connections and balances exploration and exploitation ability through two targeted auxiliary strategies in the state-adaptive slime mold (SM) model. The incorporation of fractional-order calculus in the ant system (AS) takes advantage of neighboring information. The modified pheromone update rule of AS dynamically integrates the flux information of SM. Convergence analysis is provided through mathematical proofs to understand the search behavior of the proposed algorithm. Experimental results show the efficiency of the hybridization and demonstrate the competitive ability of the proposed algorithm in finding better solutions for TSP instances compared to state-of-the-art algorithms.
COMPLEX & INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Hao Wang, Shixin Sun, Xiao Bai, Jian Wang, Peng Ren
Summary: This article investigates the problem of enhancing underwater visual observations for accurate underwater object detection. Existing algorithms tend to follow human vision preference and may not be effective for object detection. The study proposes a reinforcement learning paradigm to configure visual enhancement for object detection in underwater scenes. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving detection results.
IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Junsan Zhang, Li Zhao, Hongzhao Jiang, Shigen Shen, Jian Wang, Peiying Zhang, Wei Zhang, Leiquan Wang
Summary: Hyperspectral image classification techniques have received considerable attention due to their ability to model the development of cities and guide urban planning and construction. However, limited training samples pose a challenge in adequately extracting and utilizing the spatial and spectral information of hyperspectral images. To address this, a method called DPCMF is proposed, which uses dense pyramidal convolution and multi-feature fusion to extract spatial and spectral features. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements compared to other methods, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in extracting spatial and spectral information with limited training samples.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Shuai Yan, Peiying Zhang, Siyu Huang, Jian Wang, Hao Sun, Yi Zhang, Amr Tolba
Summary: The rapid development of IoT and edge computing technologies has led to new challenges in privacy and security, especially concerning personal privacy and data leakage in IoT edge computing environments. Federated learning has been proposed as a solution, but the heterogeneity of devices in these environments presents a significant implementation challenge. To address this, this paper proposes a novel node selection strategy based on deep reinforcement learning to optimize federated learning in heterogeneous device IoT environments. Additionally, a metric model for evaluating the performance of IoT devices is presented. Experimental results show a 30% improvement in training accuracy using the proposed method in a heterogeneous device IoT environment.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Guangdong Xue, Qin Chang, Jian Wang, Kai Zhang, Nikhil Ranjan Pal
Summary: This study proposes a neuro-fuzzy framework that can handle high-dimensional datasets by introducing adaptive softmin (Ada-softmin) and integrated feature selection and rule extraction. The system consists of three sequential phases: feature selection, rule extraction, and fine tuning, demonstrating effectiveness on datasets with more than 7000 features without the need for separate feature selection or dimensionality reduction methods.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Guangdong Xue, Jian Wang, Bin Yuan, Caili Dai
Summary: This article proposes a novel adaptive Ln-Exp softmin operator for approximating the minimum T-norm, which is applied in TSK fuzzy systems to solve high-dimensional problems. The gate function is improved with an enhanced scheme, and a double groups of gates-based fuzzy approach is proposed for simultaneous feature selection and rule extraction. Numerical experiments verify the effectiveness and time-saving nature of the proposed method.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Faliang Yin, Weiguo Li, Kai Zhang, Jian Wang, Nikhil R. Pal
Summary: The Broad Learning System (BLS) is a concise and efficient learning system that has gained attention. However, it struggles with high computational costs and memory usage when dealing with complex problems and large networks. This work proposes an improved iterative projection learning method for training BLS without using pseudo-inverse. Additionally, an evolutionary bilevel programming method is presented to optimize the hyperparameters of the network structure. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods improve efficiency, robustness, and generalization ability compared to existing approaches.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Xuetao Xie, Yi-Fei Pu, Huaqing Zhang, Jacek Mandziuk, El-Sayed M. El-Alfy, Jian Wang
Summary: K-meaNet is a method that combines the interpretable mechanism of K-means and the powerful information representation ability of neural networks. It can adaptively determine the number of cluster centers and is robust to the location and number of initial cluster centers as well as the number of features.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MACHINE LEARNING AND CYBERNETICS
(2023)
Review
Mathematics
Xu Chen, Kai Zhang, Zhenning Ji, Xiaoli Shen, Piyang Liu, Liming Zhang, Jian Wang, Jun Yao
Summary: Machine learning techniques have garnered significant attention in various engineering disciplines, especially in reservoir numerical simulations. By integrating traditional numerical methods with machine learning, the precision of partial differential equation discretization can be improved. Machine learning algorithms can directly solve partial differential equations, resulting in rapid convergence, heightened computational efficiency, and accuracies surpassing 95%.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Zhang-Lei Shi, Xiao Peng Li, Weiguo Li, Tongjiang Yan, Jian Wang, Yaru Fu
Summary: This letter focuses on robust low-rank matrix recovery (RLRMR) in the presence of gross sparse outliers. Instead of using l(1)-norm to reduce or suppress the influence of anomalies, the authors aim to eliminate their impact. They model the RLRMR as a mixed integer programming (MIP) problem based on the l(0)-norm and develop a block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm to iteratively solve the resultant MIP. The proposed method demonstrates superiority over five state-of-the-art RLRMR algorithms based on simulation results.
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ji Qi, Yanqing Liu, Yafeng Ju, Kai Zhang, Lu Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Xiaoming Xue, Liming Zhang, Huaqing Zhang, Haochen Wang, Jun Yao, Weidong Zhang
Summary: This paper proposes a novel transfer learning framework for well placement optimization by using the feature extraction capability of a single-layer denoising autoencoder. By establishing a reconstruction mapping between previous and present tasks, the randomly generated well locations can inherit knowledge from optimal well locations, which helps the evolutionary algorithm quickly bias towards the optimal solution and accelerate the solving process of the present task.
GEOENERGY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhong-Zheng Wang, Kai Zhang, Guo-Dong Chen, Jin-Ding Zhang, Wen-Dong Wang, Hao-Chen Wang, Li -Ming Zhang, Xia Yan, Jun Yao
Summary: Production optimization is crucial in the smart oilfield community for maximizing economic benefits and oil recovery. This study proposes an efficient and robust method, evolutionary-assisted reinforcement learning (EARL), to achieve real-time production optimization under uncertainty. The approach models the optimization problem as a Markov decision process and uses a deep convolutional neural network to adaptively adjust well controls based on reservoir states. Simulation results demonstrate that EARL outperforms prior methods in terms of optimization efficiency, robustness, and real-time decision-making capability.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Feng Lin, Huaqing Zhang, Jian Wang, Jun Wang
Summary: This paper presents two CNN-based systems for unsupervised image enhancement under non-uniform illumination, and demonstrates their superiority in terms of enhancement quality, model complexity, and convergence efficiency through experimental results.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Xiangyu Su, Amr Tolba, Yuxi Lu, Lizhuang Tan, Jian Wang, Peiying Zhang
Summary: This paper addresses the problem of microservice placement in satellite edge nodes and improves the placement performance using the attention mechanism in graph neural networks. The simulation experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the research content for the automatic management of microservices in satellite networks, and the proposed scheme performs well in terms of success rate and the benefit-overhead ratio of microservice placement.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Xia Liang, Jie Guo, Peide Liu
Summary: This paper investigates a novel consensus model based on social networks to manage manipulative and overconfident behaviors in large-scale group decision-making. By proposing a novel clustering model and improved methods, the consensus reaching is effectively facilitated. The feedback mechanism and management approach are employed to handle decision makers' behaviors. Simulation experiments and comparative analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the model.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Xiang Li, Haiwang Guo, Xinyang Deng, Wen Jiang
Summary: This paper proposes a method based on class gradient networks for generating high-quality adversarial samples. By introducing a high-level class gradient matrix and combining classification loss and perturbation loss, the method demonstrates superiority in the transferability of adversarial samples on targeted attacks.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Lingyun Lu, Bang Wang, Zizhuo Zhang, Shenghao Liu
Summary: Many recommendation algorithms only rely on implicit feedbacks due to privacy concerns. However, the encoding of interaction types is often ignored. This paper proposes a relation-aware neural model that classifies implicit feedbacks by encoding edges, thereby enhancing recommendation performance.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Jaehong Yu, Hyungrok Do
Summary: This study discusses unsupervised anomaly detection using one-class classification, which determines whether a new instance belongs to the target class by constructing a decision boundary. The proposed method uses a proximity-based density description and a regularized reconstruction algorithm to overcome the limitations of existing one-class classification methods. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Hui Tu, Shifei Ding, Xiao Xu, Haiwei Hou, Chao Li, Ling Ding
Summary: Border-Peeling algorithm is a density-based clustering algorithm, but its complexity and issues on unbalanced datasets restrict its application. This paper proposes a non-iterative border-peeling clustering algorithm, which improves the clustering performance by distinguishing and associating core points and border points.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Long Tang, Pan Zhao, Zhigeng Pan, Xingxing Duan, Panos M. Pardalos
Summary: In this work, a two-stage denoising framework (TSDF) is proposed for zero-shot learning (ZSL) to address the issue of noisy labels. The framework includes a tailored loss function to remove suspected noisy-label instances and a ramp-style loss function to reduce the negative impact of remaining noisy labels. In addition, a dynamic screening strategy (DSS) is developed to efficiently handle the nonconvexity of the ramp-style loss.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Raghunathan Krishankumar, Sundararajan Dhruva, Kattur S. Ravichandran, Samarjit Kar
Summary: Health 4.0 is gaining global attention for better healthcare through digital technologies. This study proposes a new decision-making framework for selecting viable blockchain service providers in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). The framework addresses the limitations in previous studies and demonstrates its applicability in the Indian healthcare sector. The results show the top ranking BSPs, the importance of various criteria, and the effectiveness of the developed model.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Tao Tan, Hong Xie, Liang Feng
Summary: This paper proposes a heterogeneous update idea and designs HetUp Q-learning algorithm to enlarge the normalized gap by overestimating the Q-value corresponding to the optimal action and underestimating the Q-value corresponding to the other actions. To address the limitation, a softmax strategy is applied to estimate the optimal action, resulting in HetUpSoft Q-learning and HetUpSoft DQN. Extensive experimental results show significant improvements over SOTA baselines.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Chao Yang, Xianzhi Wang, Lina Yao, Guodong Long, Guandong Xu
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamic transformer-based architecture called Dyformer for multivariate time series classification. Dyformer captures multi-scale features through hierarchical pooling and adaptive learning strategies, and improves model performance by introducing feature-map-wise attention mechanisms and a joint loss function.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Xiguang Li, Baolu Feng, Yunhe Sun, Ammar Hawbani, Saeed Hammod Alsamhi, Liang Zhao
Summary: This paper proposes an enhanced scatter search strategy, using opposition-based learning, to solve the problem of automated test case generation based on path coverage (ATCG-PC). The proposed ESSENT algorithm selects the path with the lowest path entropy among the uncovered paths as the target path and generates new test cases to cover the target path by modifying the dimensions of existing test cases. Experimental results show that the ESSENT algorithm outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms, achieving maximum path coverage with fewer test cases.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Shirin Dabbaghi Varnosfaderani, Piotr Kasprzak, Aytaj Badirova, Ralph Krimmel, Christof Pohl, Ramin Yahyapour
Summary: Linking digital accounts belonging to the same user is crucial for security, user satisfaction, and next-generation service development. However, research on account linkage is mainly focused on social networks, and there is a lack of studies in other domains. To address this, we propose SmartSSO, a framework that automates the account linkage process by analyzing user routines and behavior during login processes. Our experiments on a large dataset show that SmartSSO achieves over 98% accuracy in hit-precision.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Renchao Wu, Jianjun He, Xin Li, Zuguo Chen
Summary: This paper proposes a memetic algorithm with fuzzy-based population control (MA-FPC) to solve the joint order batching and picker routing problem (JOBPRP). The algorithm incorporates batch exchange crossover and a two-level local improvement procedure. Experimental results show that MA-FPC outperforms existing algorithms in terms of solution quality.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Guoxiang Zhong, Fagui Liu, Jun Jiang, Bin Wang, C. L. Philip Chen
Summary: In this study, we propose the AMFormer framework to address the problem of mixed normal and anomaly samples in deep unsupervised time-series anomaly detection. By refining the one-class representation and introducing the masked operation mechanism and cost sensitive learning theory, our approach significantly improves anomaly detection performance.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Jin Zhou, Kang Zhou, Gexiang Zhang, Ferrante Neri, Wangyang Shen, Weiping Jin
Summary: In this paper, the authors focus on the issue of multi-objective optimisation problems with redundant variables and indefinite objective functions (MOPRVIF) in practical problem-solving. They propose a dual data-driven method for solving this problem, which consists of eliminating redundant variables, constructing objective functions, selecting evolution operators, and using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The experiments conducted on two different problem domains demonstrate the effectiveness, practicality, and scalability of the proposed method.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Georgios Charizanos, Haydar Demirhan, Duygu Icen
Summary: This article proposes a new fuzzy logistic regression framework that addresses the problems of separation and imbalance while maintaining the interpretability of classical logistic regression. By fuzzifying binary variables and classifying subjects based on a fuzzy threshold, the framework demonstrates superior performance on imbalanced datasets.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2024)