The Stabilization of Formamidinium Lead Tri-Iodide Perovskite through a Methylammonium-Based Additive for High-Efficiency Solar Cells

Nowadays, complex chemistry and precursor solution compositions are developed to stabilize hybrid perovskite films and boost the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this context, determining the actual composition of these layers, especially in organic cations, and understanding the chemistry behind is challenging. Herein, the introduction of methylammonium (MA(+)) in formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI(3)) 3D perovskite is considered to stabilize the alpha-phase, whose quantity must be minimized to reduce the material hydrophilicity and its possible destabilization by degassing. The key effects of methylammonium chloride (MACl) additive on the growth of FA(1-x)MA(x)PbI(3)perovskite layers are studied. Liquid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to analyze the photovoltaic layers. NMR peaks and their origin are identified. The MA and FA content in films actually used in PSCs is reliably measured and prepared over a large additive molar concentration ratio.xis quantified at 0.06 +/- 0.01 for pure films, which corresponds to the best entropic compound stabilization. It results in PSCs with a stabilized power conversion efficiency as high as 22.06%. These PSCs are shown to be highly stable under solar irradiation and high moisture.