Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Iman Valizadeh, Ahmad Al Aboud, Edgar Doersam, Oliver Weeger
Summary: This paper explores the dependency of material properties on grayscale MSLA process parameters and formulates a grayscale-dependent hyperelastic material model. Through experimental validation, functionally graded structures with tailored mechanical properties are successfully achieved.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Wenbin Li, Amir Armani, Austin Martin, Benjamin Kroehler, Alexander Henderson, Tieshu Huang, Jeremy Watts, Gregory Hilmas, Ming Leu
Summary: The study focuses on enabling CODE for fabricating functionally graded ceramics by controlling the flowrate of different ceramic pastes and utilizing a dynamic mixer to achieve material gradients. Evaluation of sintered samples' dimensions and Vickers hardness measurements indicate the potential of CODE in manufacturing functionally graded components.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Y. Nie, Y. T. Chang, M. A. Charpagne
Summary: We demonstrate the possibility of spatially controlling grain boundary serration in functionally graded stainless steels by alloying powder mixtures on-the-fly during additive manufacturing. This finding opens new perspectives for grain boundary engineering in additive manufacturing.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Xiaoxiao Tian, Zhi Zhao, Haibin Wang, Xuemei Liu, Xiaoyan Song
Summary: Functionally graded metallic materials (FGMMs) are new heterogeneous materials composed of polymetallic components with gradients in structure or composition. They integrate multiple components in a spatially controllable manner, creating a combination of advanced properties that are impossible to be simultaneously possessed by a single material. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology, such as directed energy deposition and powder bed fusion, enables the fabrication of FGMMs, which has been applied in various industries including aerospace and nuclear power.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Iman Valizadeh, Oliver Weeger
Summary: Grayscale MSLA 3D printing overcomes the limitations of traditional vat photopolymerization methods by using a single material to fabricate graded structures. By combining exposure time and ultraviolet light intensity into a grayscale exposure parameter, a visco-hyperelastic constitutive model is developed for the resulting material's strain rate-dependent behavior. The advantage of expressing the material model in terms of grayscale exposure is the reduction of design parameters and shorter printing time. Experimental results validate the accuracy of the constitutive model.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yanhu Wang, Sergey Konovalov, Xizhang Chen, R. Arvind Singh, S. Jayalakshmi
Summary: In this study, a plasma arc additive manufacturing technique with a double-wire feedback mechanism was used to produce Inconel 625 Ni-Cu functionally graded materials. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the manufactured alloy were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of Cu improved the microstructure and mechanical properties of the material, but had a negative impact on its corrosion resistance.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Fabrizia Caiazzo, Vittorio Alfieri, Diego Gonzalo Guillen, Annalaura Fabbricatore
Summary: Functionally graded gyroid structures show potential for bone tissue engineering applications. A study on the mechanical properties of 17-4 PH steel gyroids made by additive manufacturing reveals that three design methods, thickness graded, size graded, and uniform, have potential in the field of stainless-steel scaffolds. The use of Gibson-Ashby models and finite element analysis accurately describes the mechanical properties of these structures, although representing defects remains a challenge.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Oliver Uitz, Rui Leng, Tan Pan, Xiaoyue Zhao, Ademola Oridate, Carolyn Seepersad, Zoubeida Ounaies, Mary Frecker
Summary: Reactive extrusion additive manufacturing (REAM) is a process that combines and deposits multi-part thermoset resin to create layered parts with motion-controlled nozzle. By mixing different resins, it is possible to customize the material structure and resulting properties of the parts. This research focuses on a two-part shape memory polymer with magneto-active iron oxide particles added, and investigates the effect of functional grading on the magneto-active properties of the shape memory polymer. Analytical models are derived to predict the magnetic field-responsive behavior of the thermoset composites.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Suhas Alkunte, Mithila Rajeshirke, Ismail Fidan, Seymur Hasanov
Summary: The present study examined the fatigue life behavior of functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM) parts fabricated using Material Extrusion (MEX). It reveals the potential of FGMs for designing and improving the mechanical behavior of fabricated structures. A blend of polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are used as raw materials for experimentation. From the analysis, a set of optimal parameters is determined for the FGAM specimens, leading to superior performance in any working environment. This study is novel in investigating the fatigue behavior of FGAM structures, which has never been attempted before.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Fernando Perez-Boerema, Mojtaba Barzegari, Liesbet Geris
Summary: This paper introduces ASLI (A Simple Lattice Infiller), a cross-platform tool for generating cellular solid structures by specifying the desired local unit cell type, size, and feature in 3D objects. It can be used for various applications, including skeletal tissue engineering.
VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Reza Ghanavati, Homam Naffakh-Moosavy, Mahmoud Moradi
Summary: This research analyzed the solidification behavior and microstructure evolution of thin-walled stainless steel 316L-Inconel 718 graded materials in laser additive manufacturing using solidification concepts in welding metallurgy. The study found that due to re-melting of layers, morphological evolution occasionally occurred periodically between solidification modes despite increased undercooling in the build direction.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Zhangping Hu, Zongqing Ma, Liming Yu, Yongchang Liu
Summary: 316L/CuCrZr functionally graded materials with grain size gradients and heterogeneous microstructures were prepared by laser powder bed fusion. The samples exhibited a gradient microstructure with ultrafine equiaxed grains sandwiched between micron-scale columnar grains. The dual-scale heterogeneous microstructure consisted of the BCC-alpha-Fe and FCC-epsilon-Cu phases, ensuring high shear and tensile strength of the samples. The formation mechanisms of the grain-size gradients and heterogeneous microstructures were discussed, and the additive manufacturing strategy for fabricating functionally graded materials with grain size gradients and heterostructures may open up new possibilities for materials design.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Fabrizia Caiazzo, Vittorio Alfieri, Sabina Luisa Campanelli, Vito Errico
Summary: This paper investigates the manufacturing and testing of steel functionally graded strut-based lattice structures to explore their mechanical properties in relation to the grading method and fractional density. The results show that in some cases, the struts experience distortion and deviation from the designed geometry, while size-graded structures have higher mechanical properties.
JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
M. Shojaee, I. Valizadeh, D. K. Klein, P. Sharifi, O. Weeger
Summary: In this paper, a validated multiscale modeling framework for additively manufactured shell lattice structures with graded parameters is introduced. The framework is demonstrated using the Schwarz primitive triply periodic minimal surface microstructure and 3D printing. The accuracy and reliability of the framework are investigated and discussed, and it is shown that it can be applied to the design of functionally graded structures.
ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Francesco Leoni, Pierandrea Dal Fabbro, Stefano Rosso, Luca Grigolato, Roberto Meneghello, Gianmaria Concheri, Gianpaolo Savio
Summary: This paper proposes a methodology for producing multi-material parts using 3D printing through editing a G-code. By integrating local variations between materials into a single part, new functionality and flexibility can be achieved. The proposed approach modifies the G-code based on a volumetric model that describes the combination of materials. Test results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method within the limits of the material co-extrusion additive manufacturing process.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)