Perspectives on the human dimensions of coral restoration

Coral reef systems are at the point where passive restoration measures may have to be complemented by active restoration to protect global reefs. No longer is habitat conservation enough with the level and frequency of reef disturbance. This review explores the ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approach of active coral restoration, with people at the centre of analysis. This paper undertakes a perspective review that collated (n= 37) academic papers and develops a 'Human Dimensions of Coral Restoration Technology Adaptation' framework that helps position the wide range of human dimensions of coral restoration studies. Seven phases were considered including assessing risks, assessing cost/benefits, understanding the socio-cultural context, implementing and technology transfer, managing conflict and maintaining success and scale-up of coral restoration. With every new restoration technology, calculating the micro- and macro-risks of such interventions is critical, followed by weighing up opportunity costs of such new technologies. People in situ hold the power to shape these restoration projects including the scientists envisioning these interventions, communities at grassroots, leaders that act as gatekeepers and businesses and tourists alike. Stakeholder management as well as the enabling governance arrangements are also critical strengthening opportunities to managing any potential underlying conflict that is possible between stakeholders.