期刊
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
卷 498, 期 3, 页码 3241-3274出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2563
关键词
gravitational lensing: strong; galaxies: groups: general; quasars: individual: DES J0408-5354, WGD 2038-4008
资金
- Research Computing Center at the University of Chicago
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago [NSF PHY-1125897]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) [HST-GO-15320]
- Dissertation Year Fellowship from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) graduate division
- Proyecto FONDECYT [1190335]
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan
- National Science Foundation [AST-1715611, AST-1138766, AST-1536171]
- European Research Council (ERC) under EU [787886]
- U.S. Department of Energy
- U.S. National Science Foundation
- Ministry of Science and Education of Spain
- Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom
- Higher Education Funding Council for England
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at Ohio StateUniversity
- Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas AM University
- Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
- Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo 'a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao
- MINECO [AYA201571825, ESP2015-88861, FPA2015-68048, SEV-2012-0234, SEV2016-0597, MDM-2015-0509]
- European Union
- CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya
- European Research Council under European Union
- ERC [240672, 291329, 306478]
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-skyAstrophysics (CAASTRO) [CE110001020]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics
- Fermi Research Alliance, LLC [DE-AC02-07CH11359]
- European Research Council (ERC) [787886] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
- STFC [ST/R000433/1] Funding Source: UKRI
In time-delay cosmography, three of the key ingredients are (1) determining the velocity dispersion of the lensing galaxy, (2) identifying galaxies and groups along the line of sight with sufficient proximity and mass to be included in the mass model, and (3) estimating the external convergence kappa(ext) from less massive structures that are not included in the mass model. We present results on all three of these ingredients for two time-delay lensed quad quasar systems, DES J0408-5354 and WGD 2038-4008. We use the Gemini, Magellan, and VLT telescopes to obtain spectra to both measure the stellar velocity dispersions of the main lensing galaxies and to identify the line-of-sight galaxies in these systems. Next, we identify 10 groups in DES J0408-5354 and two groups in WGD 2038-4008 using a group-finding algorithm. We then identify the most significant galaxy and galaxy-group perturbers using the 'flexion shift' criterion. We determine the probability distribution function of the external convergence kappa(ext) for both of these systems based on our spectroscopy and on the DES-only multiband wide-field observations. Using weighted galaxy counts, calibrated based on the Millennium Simulation, we find that DES J0408-5354 is located in a significantly underdense environment, leading to a tight (width similar to 3 per cent), negative-value kappa(ext) distribution. On the other hand, WGD 2038-4008 is located in an environment of close to unit density, and its low source redshift results in a much tighter kappa(ext) of similar to 1 per cent, as long as no external shear constraints are imposed.
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