Article
Microbiology
Naranjargal J. Dashdorj, Oliver F. Wirz, Katharina Roltgen, Emily Haraguchi, Anthony S. Buzzanco, Mamdouh Sibai, Hannah Wang, Jacob A. Miller, Daniel Solis, Malaya K. Sahoo, Prabhu S. Arunachalam, Alexandra S. Lee, Mihir M. Shah, James Liu, Sumiya Byambabaatar, Purevjargal Bat-Ulzii, Anir Enkhbat, Enkhtuul Batbold, Delgersaikhan Zulkhuu, Byambasuren Ochirsum, Tungalag Khurelsukh, Ganbold Dalantai, Natsagdorj Burged, Uurtsaikh Baatarsuren, Nomin Ariungerel, Odgerel Oidovsambuu, Andreas S. Bungert, Zulkhuu Genden, Dahgwahdorj Yagaanbuyant, Altankhuu Mordorj, Bali Pulendran, Sharon Chinthrajah, Kari C. Nadeau, Theodore Jardetzky, James L. Wilbur, Jacob N. Wohlstadter, George B. Sigal, Benjamin A. Pinsky, Scott D. Boyd, Naranbaatar D. Dashdorj
Summary: The study found marked differences in antibody responses among individuals in Mongolia vaccinated with different COVID-19 vaccines, with lower levels of antibodies stimulated by the Sinopharm and Sputnik V vaccines. Those who recover from infection after vaccination typically achieve high antibody titers.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Donald Forthal
Summary: This review highlights the adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on the roles of antibodies and T cells in preventing and controlling infection. While antibodies may be effective in these roles, T cells could also play a part in controlling established infections. Long-term evaluation is needed to determine the durability of protective immune responses.
ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Adam Abdullahi, David Oladele, Michael Owusu, Steven A. Kemp, James Ayorinde, Abideen Salako, Douglas Fink, Fehintola Ige, Isabella A. T. M. Ferreira, Bo Meng, Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Chika Onwuamah, Kwame Ofori Boadu, Kazeem Osuolale, James Opoku Frimpong, Rufai Abubakar, Azuka Okuruawe, Haruna Wisso Abdullahi, Gideon Liboro, Lawrence Duah Agyemang, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Oluwatosin Odubela, Gregory Ohihoin, Oliver Ezechi, Japhet Senyo Kamasah, Emmanuel Ameyaw, Joshua Arthur, Derrick Boakye Kyei, Dorcas Ohui Owusu, Olagoke Usman, Sunday Mogaji, Adedamola Dada, George Agyei, Soraya Ebrahimi, Lourdes Ceron Gutierrez, Sani H. Aliyu, Rainer Doffinger, Rosemary Audu, Richard Adegbola, Petra Mlcochova, Richard Odame Phillips, Babatunde Lawal Solako, Ravindra K. Gupta
Summary: Real-world data on vaccine-elicited neutralising antibody responses for two-dose AZD1222 in African populations are limited. This study assessed the seroprevalence and neutralizing antibody levels in Nigerian healthcare workers and Ghanaian community members before and after vaccination. The results showed that AZD1222 is immunogenic in these two populations, but there is a waning effect on neutralizing antibodies over time, especially in individuals who have not been previously infected.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Joseph E. Ebinger, Justyna Fert-Bober, Ignat Printsev, Min Wu, Nancy Sun, John C. Prostko, Edwin C. Frias, James L. Stewart, Jennifer E. Van Eyk, Jonathan G. Braun, Susan Cheng, Kimia Sobhani
Summary: Virus-specific antibody levels after a single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 are similar to levels after two doses of the vaccine in infection-naive individuals. Post-vaccine symptoms were more prominent for those with prior infection after the first dose, but symptomology was similar between groups after the second dose.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alexandra C. Walls, Kaitlin R. Sprouse, John E. Bowen, Anshu Joshi, Nicholas Franko, Mary Jane Navarro, Cameron Stewart, Elisabetta Cameroni, Matthew McCallum, Erin A. Goecker, Emily J. Degli-Angeli, Jenni Logue, Alex Greninger, Davide Corti, Helen Y. Chu, David Veesler
Summary: Breakthrough infections induce more potent and durable antibody responses compared to those in unvaccinated individuals, providing better protection against spike mutations in variants. Multiple exposures to SARS-CoV-2 antigen enhance the quality of antibody responses. Developing vaccines with broad sarbecovirus immunity is crucial for pandemic preparedness.
Article
Microbiology
Panke Qu, John P. Evans, Yi-Min Zheng, Claire Carlin, Linda J. Saif, Eugene M. Oltz, Kai Xu, Richard J. Gumina, Shan-Lu Liu
Summary: The newly emerged BA.2.75 variant of SARS-CoV-2 has 9 additional mutations in its spike protein compared to the ancestral BA.2 variant. It shows enhanced resistance to neutralizing antibodies, primarily due to the G446S and N460K mutations. Additionally, BA.2.75 exhibits enhanced cell-cell fusion, driven mainly by the N460K mutation.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xin Xu, Sheng Nie, Yanqun Wang, Quanxin Long, Hong Zhu, Xiaoyong Zhang, Jian Sun, Qinglang Zeng, Jincun Zhao, Li Liu, Ling Li, Ailong Huang, Jinlin Hou, Fan Fan Hou
Summary: According to a study in Hubei, China, the dynamics of neutralizing antibody (NAbs) response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients showed that NAbs seroconversion occurred at around 5.5 days post onset, with a positivity rate of 52% within the first week, reaching 100% by the third week, and maintaining above 97% for up to 6 months. NAbs peaked in the fourth week and were positively associated with disease severity and age, while inversely associated with serum albumin levels. The half-life of NAbs was 61 days within the first two months, which then slowed to 104 days afterward.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Kara L. Lynch, Jeffrey D. Whitman, Noreen P. Lacanienta, Erica W. Beckerdite, Shannon A. Kastner, Brian R. Shy, Gregory M. Goldgof, Andrew G. Levine, Sagar P. Bapat, Susan L. Stramer, Jonathan H. Esensten, Allen W. Hightower, Caryn Bern, Alan H. B. Wu
Summary: Understanding the kinetics and magnitude of the host antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Research showed that IgM and IgG responses were significantly higher in patients with severe disease compared to those with mild disease, which may have implications for seroprevalence studies, therapeutics, and vaccine development strategies.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Yang Li, Dan-yun Lai, Qing Lei, Zhao-wei Xu, Feng Wang, Hongyan Hou, Lingyun Chen, Jiaoxiang Wu, Yan Ren, Ming-liang Ma, Bo Zhang, Hong Chen, Caizheng Yu, Jun-biao Xue, Yun-xiao Zheng, Xue-ning Wang, He-wei Jiang, Hai-nan Zhang, Huan Qi, Shu-juan Guo, Yandi Zhang, Xiaosong Lin, Zongjie Yao, Pengfei Pang, Dawei Shi, Wei Wang, Xiao Yang, Jie Zhou, Huiming Sheng, Ziyong Sun, Hong Shan, Xionglin Fan, Sheng-ce Tao
Summary: Serological tests are crucial in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. A peptide microarray analysis identified several high-performing 12-mer peptides derived from the S protein for accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 cases, with one peptide showing comparable sensitivity and specificity to the S1 protein in monitoring IgG response.
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Todd Bradley, Elin Grundberg, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Cas LeMaster, Elizabeth Fraley, Dithi Banerjee, Bradley Belden, Daniel Louiselle, Nick Nolte, Rebecca Biswell, Tomi Pastinen, Angela Myers, Jennifer Schuster
Summary: A small study found that antibody responses significantly increased in healthcare workers after receiving a single dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, including antibodies to spike protein subunits S1 and S2, as well as the receptor-binding domain.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Elizabeth Fraley, Cas LeMaster, Eric Geanes, Dithi Banerjee, Santosh Khanal, Elin Grundberg, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Todd Bradley
Summary: This study characterized humoral immune responses during vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine in individuals with or without prior history of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrating differences in antibody levels and epitope specificity between the two groups. The findings support the consideration of prior infection history as a guide for future vaccination strategies and provide valuable insights for vaccine development.
Article
Immunology
Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Kye-Hyung Kim, Chang Kyung Kang, Hyeon Jeong Suh, EunKyo Kang, Sun Young Lee, Nam Joong Kim, Jongyoun Yi, Wan Beom Park, Myoung-Don Oh
Summary: A study investigated antibody responses of 58 individuals 8 months after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, showing high seropositivity rates for 3 out of 4 immunoassays used.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Ana Judith Perise-Barrios, Beatriz Davinia Tomeo-Martin, Pablo Gomez-Ochoa, Pablo Delgado-Bonet, Pedro Plaza, Paula Palau-Concejo, Jorge Gonzalez, Gustavo Ortiz-Diez, Antonio Melendez-Lazo, Michaela Gentil, Javier Garcia-Castro, Alicia Barbero-Fernandez
Summary: The study found that dogs with alpha-SARS-CoV-2 IgG were not positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR, even in those with severe pulmonary disease, suggesting low likelihood of transmission even in case of canine infection. Dogs living in COVID-19-positive households may have higher exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
VETERINARY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dominik Menges, Kyra D. Zens, Tala Ballouz, Nicole Caduff, Daniel Llanas-Cornejo, Helene E. Aschmann, Anja Domenghino, Celine Pellaton, Matthieu Perreau, Craig Fenwick, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Christian R. Kahlert, Christian Munz, Milo A. Puhan, Jan S. Fehr
Summary: A study on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals found that the longevity of antibody and T cell responses may differ. While antibody responses to S protein persist, levels of antibody response to N protein decrease over time. Additionally, neutralizing activity against the Delta and Omicron variants decreases significantly within weeks of infection. Although virus-specific T cells are detectable in most participants, they are more variable than antibody responses.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Meghan E. Garrett, Jared G. Galloway, Caitlin Wolf, Jennifer K. Logue, Nicholas Franko, Helen Y. Chu, Frederick A. Matsen, Julie M. Overbaugh
Summary: When SARS-CoV-2 evolves, existing antibodies may lose their ability to bind effectively, reducing the protection offered by past infection or vaccination. The study found that there are differences in antibodies produced in response to different levels of infection and vaccination, which could help minimize the emergence of antibody-evading mutations. Using a phage display library technique, researchers explored the binding of antibodies to different parts of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The results showed that antibodies produced after vaccination bind to certain regions of the spike protein, while antibodies from mild infection target fewer areas. These findings can guide vaccine development and the data has been made accessible to other scientists and the public.
Article
Biology
Hannah P. Savage, Kathrin Klaesener, Fauna L. Smith, Zheng Luo, Michael Reth, Nicole Baumgarth
Article
Biology
Lieselotte S. M. Kreuk, Meghan A. Koch, Leianna C. Slayden, Nicholas A. Lind, Sophia Chu, Hannah P. Savage, Aaron B. Kantor, Nicole Baumgarth, Gregory M. Barton
Review
Immunology
Doan C. Nguyen, Meixue Duan, Mohammad Ali, Ariel Ley, Ignacio Sanz, F. Eun-Hyung Lee
Summary: ASC are the effectors of protective humoral immunity, capable of secreting large quantities of proteins and transforming into long-lived plasma cells. B cells undergo complex transformations upon antigen encounter to become efficient protein factories with lifelong potential.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2021)
Letter
Critical Care Medicine
Martin C. Runnstrom, Andrea Morrison-Porter, Mayuran Ravindran, Hannah Quehl, Richard P. Ramonell, Matthew Woodruff, Rahulkumar Patel, Caroline Kim, Natalie S. Haddad, F. Eun-Hyung Lee
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Scott Souza, Samantha Splitt, Juan Sanchez-Arcila, Julia Alvarez, Jessica Wilson, Safuwra Wizzard, Zheng Luo, Nicole Baumgarth, Kirk D. C. Jensen
Summary: Protective immunity to parasitic infections, particularly against Toxoplasma gondii, is regulated by the Nfkbid gene, which controls B cell activation and class-switch recombination. B-1 and B-2 cells work together to provide full protection against the parasite, with potential implications for developing vaccines against parasitic pathogens.
Letter
Critical Care Medicine
Martin C. Runnstrom, F. Eun-Hyung Lee
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Doan C. Nguyen, Pedro A. Lamothe, Matthew C. Woodruff, Ankur S. Saini, Caterina E. Faliti, Ignacio Sanz, Frances Eun-Hyung Lee
Summary: This article reviews the current understanding of B cells, with a focus on different subsets of plasma cells and their contributions to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2022)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Nicole Baumgarth
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Correction
Immunology
Amy C. Palin, Galit Alter, Shane Crotty, Ali H. Ellebedy, M. Chelsea Lane, F. Eun-Hyung Lee, Michela Locci, Angela Malaspina, Conrad Mallia, M. Juliana McElrath, Bali Pulendran, Anjali Singh, M. Patricia D'Souza
Editorial Material
Immunology
Amy C. Palin, Galit Alter, Shane Crotty, Ali H. Ellebedy, M. Chelsea Lane, F. Eun-Hyung Lee, Michela Locci, Angela Malaspina, Conrad Mallia, M. Juliana McElrath, Bali Pulendran, Anjali Singh, M. Patricia D'Souza
Summary: The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) organized a virtual workshop in July 2022 to discuss the research landscape of durable vaccine protection and identify gaps and opportunities in understanding this area.
Article
Immunology
Fauna L. L. Smith, Hannah P. P. Savage, Zheng Luo, Christopher M. M. Tipton, F. Eun-Hyung Lee, April C. C. Apostol, Anna E. E. Beaudin, Diego A. A. Lopez, Ingvill Jensen, Stefan Keller, Nicole Baumgarth
Summary: Natural (n)IgM is an evolutionarily conserved substance that reacts to both self and foreign antigens. Its deficiency can lead to an increase in autoimmune diseases and infections. Recent studies have revealed that nIgM is produced by different types of B-1 cells, generating distinct repertoires, and BM nIgM-secreting B-1 plasma cells require the presence of TCR alpha beta(+) CD4 T cells for their development. The repertoire of BM nIgM-secreting B-1 plasma cells contains public clones with short Igh-CDR3 motifs.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Nicole Baumgarth
Summary: The 'Original antigenic sin' hypothesis suggests that when individuals are infected with a mutated variant of a pathogen, their immune response will be dominated by antibodies that target the original pathogen. Schiepers et al. provide support for this hypothesis using transgenic mice that have tagged antibodies based on their cellular origins and kinetics. They observe that cross-reactive antibodies accumulate mainly in long-lived immune responses.
TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jonathan H. Lam, Nicole Baumgarth
Summary: Compared to slower-developing germinal centers, extrafollicular plasmablast responses generate protective antibodies, which depend on signals provided via Toll-like receptor stimulation. These signals promote B cell survival, clonal expansion, and differentiation, improving the protective capacity of antigen/alum immunization.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)