Article
Polymer Science
Eyad Alsuhaibani, Nur Yazdani, Eyosias Beneberu
Summary: The study found that the tensile strength and elastic modulus of CFRP laminates decrease significantly with long-term exposure. A time-based prediction model for the long-term tensile strength of CFRP laminates was developed based on the test data. The reduction factor specified by ACI differs greatly from other guidelines.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Peng Zhu, Zongyang Li, Yunming Zhu, Yuching Wu, Wenjun Qu
Summary: The durability of two types of widely used glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, one without coating and one with slightly surface sand-coating was studied through accelerated aging. Different exposure temperatures and exposure times were investigated. The degradation rate of the tensile strength retentions of the two types of GFRP bars decreased with an increase in the exposure time at all exposure temperatures. Based on the degradation mechanism, a new model was proposed as the best one to predict the residual tensile strength of the GFRP bars. The sand-coating had some effect on the activation energy of the GFRP bars.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chanachai Thongchom, Linh Van Hong Bui, Natthanuch Poonpan, Natcha Phudtisarigorn, Phuoc Trong Nguyen, Suraparb Keawsawasvong, Saeed Mousa
Summary: This study investigates the behavior of concrete beams reinforced with steel and GFRP bars under fire exposure. The results show that the deflection rate of steel-reinforced concrete (RC) beams is lower than GFRP-RC beams during fire exposure. The steel-RC beam has greater fire resistance and the critical temperatures of steel and GFRP bars are 593 degrees C and 300-330 degrees C, respectively.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Chaojie Song, Gang Zhang, Zelei Lu, Xuyang Li, Xiaocui Zhao
Summary: This paper presents an experiment studying the behavior of polypropylene fiber prestressed concrete (PFPC) bridge girders under localized hydrocarbon-fuel fire and structural loading. The thermal and structural responses were analyzed, revealing that PP fiber can enhance spalling resistance of concrete and the diaphragm has little effect on structural response. The mid-span deflection increases sharply at the final stage of fire exposure, leading to brittle failure of the PFPC girders. The failure can be prevented using reserved prestressing strands and the PFPC girders vulnerable to under-reinforcement under fuel fire exposure conditions.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mario Jelec, Hrvoje Draganic, Goran Gazic, Sanja Lukic
Summary: Laboratory static bending tests were conducted to determine the residual load-bearing capacities of retrofitted and un-retrofitted RC slabs after blast. Three different retrofit systems were used and their contribution to strength and stiffness was evaluated. The results showed that all retrofit systems enhanced the residual strength and stiffness capacities, with the system consisting of two layers of chopped-strand glass mat providing the highest contribution.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Dehui Wang, Qingnan Gong, Qiang Yuan, Surong Luo
Summary: The degradation of FRP bars in SWSSC is primarily influenced by water molecules, hydroxide ions, and chloride ions, with high temperature and stress also accelerating the degradation process. The presence of chloride ions can accelerate the hydration of cement, improving the early-age properties of SWSSC.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Maria Idrees, Farhan Saeed, Zia Farooq, Fuat Koksal, Jinyan Shi
Summary: Efficient management of waste materials is crucial for a cleaner environment. This study demonstrates that incorporating discarded carpet threads and silica fume into concrete significantly increases its tensile and flexural strengths, as well as other durability characteristics. This approach not only improves concrete properties but also helps conserve resources, promote sustainability, recycling, and a circular economy.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Fatemeh Soltanzadeh, Ali Edalat-Behbahani, Kasra Hosseinmostofi, Ibrahim Fatih Cengiz, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, Rui L. Reis
Summary: This study investigated the bond durability characteristics of basalt-fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) rebars in fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) structures. The influence of environmental conditions, reinforcement type, and loading type on the bond strength of the specimens was explored. The results were used to estimate the bond strength retention between BFRP and FRSCC after 50 years of exposure to seawater.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Raylane de Souza Castoldi, Marco Liebscher, Lourdes Maria Silva de Souza, Viktor Mechtcherine, Rodrigo Prioli Menezes, Flavio de Andrade Silva
Summary: This study proposes the use of carboxylate styrene-butadiene rubber latex as a coating for sisal fibers and investigates its effects on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the fibers. The results show that the coating treatment can reduce the fiber's water absorption and enhance the fiber-matrix adhesion, resulting in a more stable sisal fiber.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Bruno Leporace-Guimil, Antonio Conforti, Raul Zerbino, Giovanni A. Plizzari
Summary: This article investigates a new test method for evaluating the corrosion effects of fibers on RC elements, finding a positive influence of fibers on crack patterns and corrosion behaviors, but no correlation between crack width and pitting depth.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Nihat Kabay, Bahadur Amed
Summary: The study investigated the effects of incorporating fly ash, slag, and acrylic polymer on the properties of glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC), showing improvements in workability, flexural strength, and deformation capability. Mechanical properties experienced significant reductions after wet-dry cycles and exposure to high temperature, indicating that high-temperature exposure may offer rapid predictions for long-term GFRC degradation.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jahanzaib, Shamim A. Sheikh
Summary: This paper presents the results of an experimental program that investigated the behavior of reinforced concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The results showed that GFRP-RC beams can significantly increase the ultimate failure load when appropriately confined with transverse reinforcement. Thermal conditioning was found to have an impact on the behavior of the beams, particularly in stages related to concrete crushing and ultimate failure.
ACI STRUCTURAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jahanzaib, Shamim A. Sheikh
Summary: The research program investigated the performance of reinforced concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) bars, under different temperature conditions. Findings showed that appropriately confined GFRP-RC beams can exhibit a significant increase in ultimate failure load, but thermal conditioning can lead to deterioration of beam behavior, particularly in stages related to concrete crushing and ultimate failure.
ACI STRUCTURAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Milad Bazli, Michael Heitzmann, Byron Villacorta Hernandez
Summary: This paper systematically reviews the use of hybrid seawater sea sand concrete and fibre reinforced polymer composites in coastal areas, discussing their ecological benefits, structural performance, and microstructural properties. Various systems, including FRP reinforced SWSSC beams and SWSSC filled FRP tubes, are presented and recommendations for future investigations are made. This overview aims to provide a foundation for better understanding the mechanical and microstructural properties of FRP-SWSSC structures in aggressive environments.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gino Ebell, Till Felix Mayer, Jorg Harnisch, Christoph Dauberschmidt
Summary: Corrosion monitoring of reinforced or prestressed concrete structures has become increasingly important in recent years, especially for inaccessible components or systems with existing coatings. It can be used to monitor corrosion progress and verify the effectiveness of repair measures or cathodic protection systems. However, until 2018, there were no guidelines or recommendations available. The publication of the English version of specification B12 by the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing in 2021 filled this gap. This article introduces specification B12, explaining its basic measurement principles and showcasing the potential of corrosion monitoring in both new and existing buildings.
MATERIALS AND CORROSION-WERKSTOFFE UND KORROSION
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Uthpala Rathnayake, Tharindu L. W. Karunaratne, Shousou Han, Denvid Lau, Cheuk L. Chow
Summary: This study tested and compared the performance of water wall systems and single skin glass facade systems under fire exposure conditions, and found that water wall systems have better fire resistance. However, glass pane fallout is more likely to occur in water wall systems.
INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Qiwen Qiu, Denvid Lau
Summary: This paper proposes the integration of You Only Look Once (YOLO) into an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for real-time crack detection in tiled sidewalks. Different network architectures of YOLOv2-tiny, Darknet19-based YOLOv2, ResNet50-based YOLOv2, YOLOv3, and YOLOv4-tiny are compared to improve accuracy and speed of detection. The results show that ResNet50-based YOLOv2 and YOLOv4-tiny offer excellent accuracy and speed, and remarkable ability in detecting small cracks. They also demonstrate good adaptability to environmental conditions such as shadows, rain, and motion-induced blurriness. The evaluation suggests the appropriate altitude and scanning area for the YOLO-UAV-based platform to achieve remote, reliable, and rapid crack detection.
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Huaguo Chen, Renyuan Qin, Cheuk Lun Chow, Denvid Lau
Summary: We have innovated a green recycling solution by using a silane coupling agent to recycle thermoset plastic waste as fillers in cement mortar, resulting in sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials. Experimental results show that thermoset waste can replace at least 15% of sand in cement mortar, and the optimal replacement level is 5% for achieving the highest compressive strength. Scanning electron microscope analysis reveals that cement mortars with 5% thermoset waste exhibit a highly dense microstructure, robust interfacial transition zone, and better hydrate crystal growth, which contribute to the strength enhancement.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Jialin Liu, Ning Hu, Cheuk Lun Chow, Denvid Lau
Summary: The water-driven expansion of folded BNNSs on the tobermorite surface is studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The interface deterioration and flexibility of the BNNSs contribute to their expansion behavior. The presence of water molecules reduces the energy barrier and allows for the release of strain energy in BNNSs, promoting their expansion. Higher temperatures accelerate the expansion degree of BNNSs and may enhance the self-healing ability of cracks in the tobermorite composite.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Fenghua Nie, Wei Jian, Zechuan Yu, Cheuk Lun Chow, Denvid Lau
Summary: In this study, a new coarse-grained model is developed to investigate the formation of aggregated microstructures in asphaltene. The results show that asphaltene disks gradually adjust their positions and orientations during equilibrium process, forming columnar structures containing packed asphaltene disks. The packing fraction and microstructures are influenced by the aspect ratio, temperature, and pressure of asphaltene disks. This coarse-grained model helps understand the formation mechanism of asphaltene agglomerates and provides insights for solving aggregation problems in asphaltene systems.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Lik-ho Tam, Marc A. Ntjam Minkeng, Denvid Lau, Walid Mansour, Chao Wu
Summary: This study utilizes molecular simulation to investigate the impact of moisture on the interfacial creep responses of carbon fiber/epoxy matrix interface under sustained loading. The results show that water molecules disrupt the molecular interactions, degrade the bonding properties, and accelerate the interfacial sliding and debonding process, leading to a significant reduction in the interfacial resistance to shearing loading under wet conditions.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Kai Cui, Dong Lu, Ting Jiang, Jixin Zhang, Zhenliang Jiang, Guodong Zhang, Jun Chang, Denvid Lau
Summary: This research investigates the effect of different aspect ratios of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the macroscale performance and microstructure of low-carbon sulfoaluminate cement-based composite. The experimental results show that adding CNTs with different aspect ratios can enhance the flexural strength, compressive strength, and hydration degree of the composite. The increase in content of AFt and AH(3) can synergistically enhance the mechanical properties of the matrix.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Acoustics
Chao Wu, Jia-ao Hou, Hongtao Liu, Jipeng Yang, Denvid Lau, Likho Tam
Summary: In this paper, a multiscale simulation consisting of molecular simulation and meshless simulation is used to study the moisture effect on the nonlinear vibrations of epoxy thin film. It is found that the mechanical properties of epoxy molecules initially increase with moisture content from 0.0 to 1.0 wt% and then decrease as moisture content increases to 4.0 wt%. The vibration behaviors of epoxy thin film are investigated using meshless simulations based on the molecular simulation results. The fundamental frequencies of epoxy thin films show a similar trend as the variation of mechanical properties, and the level of nonlinear frequency ratio decreases at 1.0 wt% and subsequently increases up to 4.0 wt%. This work contributes to the prediction of vibration behaviors of epoxy-based applications in wet environment.
JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Huaguo Chen, Cheuk Lun Chow, Denvid Lau
Summary: Recycling used engine oil (UEO) into concrete is a viable solution, as UEO has similar functions to chemical additives for concrete production. However, the fire performance of UEO concrete needs to be evaluated to ensure its safe application.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jialin Liu, Weihe Liu, Cheuk Lun Chow, Denvid Lau
Summary: RVE models are used to simulate the microstructural characteristics of BNNS-reinforced cement paste, with the interfacial properties described by MD-based CZM. FEA is then used to obtain the mechanical properties of the macroscale cement paste. The accuracy of the MD-based CZM is validated by comparing the FEA results with measurements, showing close agreement in compressive strength but discrepancies in tensile strength, attributed to load transfer at the BNNS-tobermorite interface.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jialin Liu, Ning Hu, Cheuk Lun Chow, Denvid Lau
Summary: This study demonstrates through molecular dynamics simulations that penta-BNNS exhibits better ductile behavior under tensile deformation compared to hexa-BNNS. These findings contribute to the design of advanced nanomaterials for improving the performance of hydrogels.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Qiwen Qiu
Summary: The paper presents a progressive methodology that combines X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) and finite element analysis (FEA) to test the thermal conductivity of wood at the mesoscale level. The analytical wood conductivities from μCT-based FEA agree well with those from the theoretical analysis and the existing experimental findings. Using μCT-based FEA also enables the numerical evaluation of the effects of grain orientation, porosity, and water saturation degree on thermal conductivity of wood.
NDT & E INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qiwen Qiu
Summary: The present study establishes a new methodology, micro computed tomography based finite element analysis (mu CT-based FEA), for evaluating the influence of internal defects on the thermal conductivity of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). The investigation reveals that unfilled bug holes and delamination decrease the effective thermal conductivity of FRP and cause sub-surface heat concentration, while needle-like cavities have negligible effect on thermal conductivity. Increasing the water saturation degree of defects leads to an exponential increase in thermal conductivity, especially for large air cavities or delamination.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xing Quan Wang, Pengguang Chen, Cheuk Lun Chow, Denvid Lau
Summary: Industry 4.0 is driving the transformation of the manufacturing industry towards intelligence, and the construction industry also requires advancements in materials, devices, and systems. Researchers in construction materials have started using artificial intelligence technology to accelerate these advancements. This article evaluates the recent progress in applying machine learning to develop concrete, fiber-reinforced composites, and metals in order to improve their durability, sustainability, safety, and recyclability. It highlights how artificial intelligence addresses the challenges of material research, particularly in the context of the construction industry under the Industry 4.0 framework. With the progress in artificial intelligence, integration with Industry 4.0 is envisioned, starting with the digitization of construction materials and progressing towards advanced manufacturing, ultimately aiming for intelligent application and operation of buildings.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Qi Jiang, Wei Liu, Shaopeng Wu, Xuanwen Gou
Summary: This study analyzes the erosion mechanisms of NaCl solution on asphalt concrete and finds that NaCl solution softens asphalt and promotes the intrusion of crystalline salt into it. Salt crystallization alters the surface roughness of aggregates, resulting in a decrease in skid resistance but an improvement in compressive strength. Additionally, the concentration of NaCl solution initially has no significant impact on the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete, but its domination gradually increases with the intensification of cyclic effects.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Lili Kan, Lan-qing Dai, Ning Kong, Bin Peng, Fei Wang
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of freezing and thawing cycles on the tensile behavior of cracked ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). The results show that long-term freezing and thawing action deteriorates the cracking strength, tensile strength, tensile strain, and strain energy of cracked UHPC. On the other hand, the action of water generally favors the development of tensile properties of UHPC. The crack distribution tends to be unsaturated under freezing and thawing environment, and the re-hydration reaction is hindered. The pore structure near the crack varies under different environments.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xin Xiao, Jingwei Li, Qingke Meng, Xiangshan Hou, Yanhui Liu, Xujiang Wang, Wenlong Wang, Shengtao Lu, Yuzhong Li, Yanpeng Mao, Tong Li
Summary: Preparing gypsum-based self-leveling mortar (GSLM) using beta-hemihydrate gypsum and solid wastes-derived sulfoaluminate cement (WSAC) can improve the mechanical performance of the mortar, but phosphorus impurities can weaken the hydration speed and degree.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sihang Bao, Junzhen Di, Yanrong Dong, Ziqing Gao, Qing Gu, Yuanfang Zhao, Hongyu Zhai
Summary: Tailings dam break and leakage accidents pose a threat to the safety of people in mining areas and cause severe environmental pollution. This study focuses on solidifying tailing sand using microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to improve strength and fix heavy metals. The curing time of MICP bio-cemented tailings is found to significantly impact the strength of tailings, while its effect on heavy metal fixation is minimal. The optimized MICP curing time is 10 days, resulting in improved strength and cementation of tailings particles.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ferhat Benmahiddine, Fares Bennai, Achraf Charaka, Ameur El Amine Hamami, Abdelkader Tahakourt, Rafik Belarbi
Summary: This paper studied the effects of hysteresis on the hygrothermal behavior at the building scale. Through laboratory validation and numerical simulations, it was found that hysteresis has a significant impact on the relative humidity and total heat fluxes in buildings, while it does not have a noticeable effect on temperature variations.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
You Gao, Wei He, Xiayang Zhang, De'an Sun, Pei Li
Summary: This study determined the boundary line between the swelling and compression deformation zone in lateritic clay through wetting tests, and proposed a simple bimodal SWRC model. It also found that the existing strength model underestimated the tested values in the medium to high suction range, therefore a segmented strength equation was introduced for enhanced predictions of the strength properties of lateritic clay.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Prabhath Ranjan Kumar Soda, Asheer Mogal, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Nikhil Thota, Nimish Bandaru, Sanjay Kumar Shukla, K. M. Mini
Summary: This study investigates the use of encapsulated bacteria to improve the self-healing ability of concrete. Through various tests, it is found that using 20% cement-coated alginate beads (CCAB) and 5% nanosilica (NS) can achieve optimal strength and healing. This research is significant for enhancing the durability of concrete.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shizhe Wang, Haiping Wu, Wen Yang, Wei Wang, Zhibo Zhu, Kun Nie, Luoxin Wang, Hua Wang, Jing Wu
Summary: In this study, photothermal-heat storage concrete (PHSC) was developed with excellent photothermal conversion performance and heat storage capacity. By absorbing and storing solar energy during the day and releasing it at night, PHSC can effectively reduce energy consumption in buildings.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Robin Deb, Jialuo He, Geetika Mishra, Yaghoob (Amir) Farnam
Summary: Incorporation techniques of phase change materials in cementitious composites have a significant influence on thermal properties. This study investigated the thermal behavior of low-temperature PCM when subjected to varying temperature change rates and pore confinement inside the porous network of lightweight aggregates. The results showed that ramp rates affect the nucleation and crystallization growth process during the phase transition, and the pore structure of the aggregates affects the supercooling phenomenon and confinement pressure of the PCM.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Eduardo Ferreira, Payam Sotoudeh, Dagmar Svecova
Summary: This study investigates the fatigue behavior of concrete under different stress reversal conditions. The results indicate that stress reversal generally causes more severe damage and reduces the cycles to failure compared to tensile fatigue. Additionally, adding some level of compression contributes to the energy required for failure under stress reversal fatigue. Specimens with higher concentration of fractured aggregates achieve longer fatigue lives.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mag Raj Gehlot, Sandeep Shrivastava
Summary: This study evaluates the compatibility relationship between plaster bonds and the substrate under an accelerated aging environment, and finds that incorporating an appropriate amount of granite cutting waste can improve the strength parameters and adhesion of the cement mortar.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Min Zhang, Qirui Luo, Mingke Deng, Shixing Zhao
Summary: This study investigated the bond behavior between carbon FRCM composites with added short fibers and concrete substrates. The effects of different factors were considered and 36 specimens were tested and discussed. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of failure mode, load-slip curve, and characteristic parameters, and the contribution of weft yarns was taken into account in the developed bondslip model.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dengkai Liu, Hongniao Chen, Ray Kai Leung Su
Summary: The susceptibility of building stones to fire and high temperature was investigated in this study by examining their physical and mechanical properties. The results show that both compressive and tensile properties of stones are affected by temperature changes. The tensile strength is particularly sensitive to temperature changes, requiring special attention to the components subjected to tensile stress in stone buildings. Principal component analysis was used to predict the mechanical properties of stones, providing a new method for calculating the residual mechanical properties after high temperature or fire.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Joso Maria Raposo, Eduardo Cavaco, Luis Costa Neves, Eduardo Julio
Summary: This paper investigates the correlation between the friction coefficient and the surface roughness of concrete-to-concrete interfaces. Experimental tests were performed on specimens with different surface treatments, and the surface roughness parameters were analyzed and correlated with the shear strength and friction coefficient. The results showed that certain roughness parameters had a strong positive correlation with the friction coefficient, while others had little or no correlation. A novel combined roughness parameter with optimized correlation was proposed.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chiara Riccardi, Massimo Losa
Summary: The interest in using bio materials in asphalt pavements is growing due to economic reasons and environmental benefits. This study aimed to review the use of bio extenders as additives in binders, with a focus on replacements greater than 20% of fossil binder. The properties of bio-extended binders were found to vary substantially depending on the biomass source and production process.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
