Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hyun Hwan Kim, Mithil Mazumder, Moon-Sup Lee, Soon-Jae Lee
Summary: The study found that the presence of crumb rubber (CR) in asphalt binder can increase viscosity and improve rutting resistance, but is detrimental to cracking properties.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mayank Sukhija, Nikhil Saboo, Akhilesh Kumar Yadav, Chandana Rath
Summary: This paper reports laboratory investigations on the effect of nanosilica (NS) on the physical, morphological, and rheological properties of asphalt binder. The study found that NS modification improves rutting characteristics but reduces fatigue resistance, with the extent of improvement being binder dependent. Overall, NS modification is more beneficial for locations with high pavement temperatures and heavy vehicular loading conditions.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Duraid M. M. Abd, Taher M. M. Ahmed, Thamer Y. Y. Ahmed
Summary: The study evaluates the rutting resistance of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) considering the influence of production temperature. Three types of WMAs were introduced using different additives. The results show that binder grade and additives play significant roles in the performance and manufacturing temperature of WMA, with some WMAs performing equal to or better than conventional HMA.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Gabriel Macedo Duarte, Adalberto Leandro Faxina
Summary: The study investigated the high-temperature rheological properties of asphalt binders modified with recycled low-density polyethylene and crumb rubber. The results showed that the hybrid modification improved the storage stability, Superpave performance grading, and high temperature performance of the binders, suggesting it as a sustainable strategy in the paving industry.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hayder Abbas Obaid, Tameem Mohammed Hashim, Ahmed Awad Matr Al-Abody, Mohammed Salah Nasr, Ghadeer Haider Abbas, Abdullah Musa Kadhim, Monower Sadique
Summary: The rapid reduction of energy resources and the increased effects of global warming have led to a search for new techniques in paving construction. Adopting technologies like warm-mix asphalt (WMA) or asphalt recycling can have significant economic benefits and reduce environmental impact. This research focuses on studying the mechanical and durable properties of modified WMA mixtures using different additives and percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). The results show that these additives can greatly improve the mechanical and durable properties of WMA mixtures, promoting waste recycling in the paving industry.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Larissa Montagner de Barros, Luis Alberto Herrmann do Nascimento, Francisco Thiago Sacramento Aragao
Summary: This paper evaluates the effects of asphalt binders and aggregate particles on the permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures, and proposes an optimized strategy for evaluating the performance of these materials.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Abdulnaser M. Al-Sabaeei, Hitham Alhussian, Said Jadid Abdulkadir, Filippo Giustozzi, Fauzan Mohd Jakarni, Nur Izzi Md Yusoff
Summary: This study evaluates and compares the feasibility of using response surface methodology (RSM) and machine learning (ML) methods to predict the mechanical properties of different modified asphalt binders. The results show that the ML models, especially Decision Tree Regression (DTR), outperform the RSM models in accurately predicting the non-recoverable creep compliance and percentage of recovery.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Rouzbeh Ghabchi, Shivani Rani, Musharraf Zaman, Syed Ashik Ali
Summary: The study found that blending WMA additive and PPA with asphalt binders can improve rutting and fatigue resistance, but mixing PPA with asphalt binders in the presence of WMA additive and ASA can reduce the resistance to fatigue cracking.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Akanksha Pandey, S. K. Sohel Islam, Sham S. Ravindranath
Summary: Rutting is a common failure mode of asphalt pavements at high temperatures. Polymer modified binders (PMBs), especially those containing styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymers, have been widely used to reduce rutting. This study investigates the influence of different molecular structures of SBS polymers on the rheological properties of modified asphalt binders. The results show that the effects of molecular structure are mainly observed at lower frequencies, with the SBS polymer having a stronger polymer network resulting in better rheological properties. The correlation between rheological properties and rutting is enhanced at lower frequencies. This study highlights the importance of considering lower frequencies in evaluating the performance of SBS-modified asphalt binders.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mohd Tahir Ansari, Khailesh Khatri, R. Vishnu, Venkaiah Chowdary
Summary: This study compared the effects of two blending approaches on the performance of recycled asphalt blends, finding that blends produced using approach 2 had higher recycled binder ratios and better performance characteristics.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shiva Kumar Mahto, Sanjeev Sinha
Summary: Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) is produced at lower temperatures, resulting in environmental benefits and improved mechanical properties when using binary blended fillers (BBF) such as fly ash (FA) and brick dust (BD). Various tests, including moisture susceptibility, tensile strength ratio, cohesion resistance, and rutting evaluation, were conducted to evaluate the performance of these warm mixes. The results showed significant improvements in stability values and rut depths, indicating the effectiveness of BBF in enhancing the mechanical properties of the mixes and reducing environmental load.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Hanqi Liu, Waleed Zeiada, Ghazi G. Al-Khateeb, Abdallah Shanableh, Mufid Samarai
Summary: The MSCR test has been accepted to improve rutting assessment in the Superpave system, focusing on non-recoverable creep compliance and percent recovery to evaluate the resistance and elastic response of asphalt binders. Despite its success in rutting characterization, the MSCR test faces debates over test protocol and analysis methods.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Bharat Rajan, Arpita Suchismita, Dharamveer Singh
Summary: This study evaluated the rutting performance of three different highly polymer-modified asphalt (HiMA) binders using binder-based and mix-based rutting performance tests. The study compared binder-based rutting indicators with mix rutting performance and found that MSCR testing on binder can be used to predict the rutting resistance of HiMA binders. The study also looked into the application of a simple performance test, IDEAL-RT, for HiMA mix rutting prediction.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Akanksha Pandey, Sk Sohel Islam, R. N. G. D. Ransinchung, Sham S. Ravindranath
Summary: This study demonstrates the critical role of lower angular frequencies in analyzing the rheological properties of SBS modified binders. The rheological signature of SBS polymer in the binder is primarily observed at lower frequencies, while at higher frequencies the response is dominated by the brittle-like characteristics of the polystyrene segments and smaller units of the SBS molecule. The correlation of rheological variables with rut depth improves significantly at lower frequencies.
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Katia Aline Bohn, Liseane Padilha Thives, Luciano Pivoto Specht
Summary: With the rapid expansion of road networks, the asphalt industry is facing environmental challenges that require exploring new solutions. This study evaluated asphalt binder samples incorporating Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). The findings showed that the WMA-RAP combination increased asphalt stiffness and resistance to permanent deformation.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Joseph H. Podolsky, Conglin Chen, Nacu B. Hernandez, R. Christopher Williams, Eric W. Cochran
Summary: The combination of heat-bodied linseed oil and partially hydrogenated heat-bodied linseed oil can improve the low-temperature binder and mix performance, and perform better than a commercially available rejuvenator in terms of fracture energy at low temperature.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Joseph H. Podolsky, Ali Arabzadeh, Barrie Saw, R. Christopher Williams, Eric W. Cochran, Hosin Lee
Summary: The research found that adding 3.6% epoxidized methyl soyate to PG 58-34H binder in a mix design containing 30% RAP can achieve a binder rated as PG 52-40H while meeting Iowa DOT specifications for moisture susceptibility/rutting and low temperature cracking. The study also compared the performance of this rejuvenated mix with a Control mix and a mix design using a commercial tall oil derivative as a rejuvenator, with the conclusion that the rejuvenated mix outperformed the Control mix in rutting performance.
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
(2022)
Review
Polymer Science
Dhananjay Dileep, Michael Forrester, Eric W. Cochran
Summary: Enzymes derived from microbes have shown the capability to degrade amorphous regions of PET in ambient conditions, providing monomeric feedstock for repolymerization at rates comparable to petrochemical feedstock, thus achieving cradle-to-cradle recycling.
POLYMER INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Review
Polymer Science
Shailja Goyal, Eric W. Cochran
Summary: The development of polymeric materials that can withstand extreme environments, driven by space exploration and high-speed civil transport, has led to the use of cyanate ester (CE) as a thermoset matrix in aerospace and defense applications. CE exhibits high glass transition temperature, low moisture absorption, and low coefficient of thermal expansion, making it extremely thermally stable. This review examines various inorganic additives, such as silica, clay, boron, and phosphorus, reported in the literature to enhance the thermal properties of CE. The mechanisms for improving thermal stability in CE-inorganic hybrids are also discussed.
POLYMER INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ting-Han Lee, Huangchao Yu, Michael Forrester, Tung-ping Wang, Liyang Shen, Hengzhou Liu, Jingzhe Li, Wenzhen Li, George Kraus, Eric Cochran
Summary: The increasing demand for safe, convenient, and affordable packaging has led to significant growth in single-use plastics, resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions and environmental waste. This study introduces a new family of biobased polyesters that can serve as an eco-friendly alternative to existing packaging materials. These polyesters exhibit unique performance advantages, including higher glass transition temperatures, thermal stability, and improved oxygen permeability, making them promising candidates for sustainable packaging materials.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Prerana Carter, James L. Trettin, Ting-Han Lee, Nickolas L. Chalgren, Michael J. Forrester, Brent H. Shanks, Jean-Philippe Tessonnier, Eric W. Cochran
Summary: This paper introduces a novel method for synthesizing monomers with custom property enhancements and demonstrates through experiments that the resulting polyamides exhibit excellent properties such as built-in hydrophobicity and flame retardancy.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tung-ping Wang, Liyang Shen, Fang-Yi Lin, Michael Forrester, Sabrina W. Torres, Thomas W. Robison, Ting-Han Lee, Shailja Goyal, Eric W. Cochran
Summary: This paper presents a facile method to produce isolatable block copolymer self-assembly in a polymer blend. By using PDMS homopolymers as a solvent phase, PDMS-tethered vesicles with PI walls are formed through self-assembly. The walls are subsequently crosslinked to yield mechanically stabilized elastomeric vesicles. The h-PDMS inner core and matrix are separated from the vesicles by dialysis to yield matrix-free nanoballoons. These nanoballoons can be further reincorporated into a crosslinkable PDMS.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Baker W. Kuehl, Austin Hohmann, Ting Han Lee, Michael Forrester, Nacu Hernandez, Hannah Dietrich, Connor Smith, Sam Musselman, Grayson Tran, Eric W. Cochran
Summary: This study synthesized a series of hyperbranched block copolymers using soybean-based monomers, which were melt-processed with poly(L-lactide) to produce impact resistant all-polymer composites. The significance of combining deformation theory with a scalable green alternative to petroleum-based rubbers opens up a potential avenue for cheap compostable engineering thermoplastics.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Ting-Han Lee, Hengzhou Liu, Michael J. Forrester, Liyang Shen, Tung-ping Wang, Huangchao Yu, Jia-Hao He, Wenzhen Li, George A. Kraus, Eric W. Cochran
Summary: A series of novel poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) copolymers with improved properties were synthesized by incorporating bioadvantaged dimethyl 2,7-naphthalenedicarboxylate (2,7-N) as a comonomer. The addition of 2,7-N significantly enhanced the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of the copolymers, and the performance could be tuned by adjusting the loading of 2,7-N.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hengzhou Liu, Deep M. Patel, Yifu Chen, Jungkuk Lee, Ting-Han Lee, Sarah D. Cady, Eric W. Cochran, Luke T. Roling, Wenzhen Li
Summary: By studying the reduction of biomass-derived compounds on Pb electrodes under acid conditions, researchers have gained insights into the mechanistic understanding of product formation pathways. The source of protons and the surface properties play critical roles in determining the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis pathways, leading to the formation of different products. Modifying the double layer structure allows for control over the interfacial environments and product selectivity.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ting-Han Lee, Michael Forrester, Tung-ping Wang, Liyang Shen, Hengzhou Liu, Dhananjay Dileep, Baker Kuehl, Wenzhen Li, George Kraus, Eric Cochran
Summary: This study demonstrates low-energy poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) chemical recycling in water, where PET copolymers undergo selective hydrolysis at diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (DHTE) sites, catalyzed by neighboring group participation. The depolymerization products can be used to regenerate virgin polymer. The composition-optimized copolymers show a significant reduction in depolymerization time and the recycling process is environmentally friendly using only water.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Khadija Chaudhary, Beriham Basha, Sonia Zulfiqar, Sheraz Yousaf, Eric W. Cochran, M. S. Al-Buriahi, Muhammad Farooq Warsi, Muhammad Shahid
Summary: A novel three-dimensional Ti3C2 MXene/rGO composite aerogels (MGA) integrated with octahedron-like NiSe2(NS) were designed in this study, with different mass loadings of MXene. The resulting aerogels formed a cellular lattice-like network, greatly enhancing the contact area between active material and electrolyte. The 3D spongy scaffold of MGA improved the mass diffusion rate, and the good electrical conductivity of MXene and rGO facilitated fast charge transport during electrochemical tests, resulting in superior supercapacitor and water splitting performances.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Moham Ed Abdur Razzaq, Yixin Luo, Michael Forrester, Ma Cristine Concepcion D. Ignacio, Eric W. Cochran, Keith Vorst, Xianglan Bai
Summary: A joule heating-based synthesis of oxygen-functionalized low-cost carbon nano-onion (CNO) using biomass residues without catalysts, chemicals, and solvents is reported. The CNO synthesized from lignins and biochar showed controllable crystalline structure and surface functional groups, as well as excellent dispersibility in common solvents. When used as polymer additives, CNO significantly improved the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and gas permeability of polylactic acid (PLA).
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sajida Parveen, Eric W. Cochran, Sonia Zulfiqar, Mohammed A. Amin, Muhammad Farooq Warsi, Khadija Chaudhary
Summary: This work investigates the effects of iron and vanadium co-doping and graphitic carbon nitride on the performance of tungsten oxide electrodes for supercapacitor applications. The study demonstrates that the introduction of iron and vanadium co-doping and graphitic carbon nitride can significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of the electrodes, resulting in higher specific capacitance and longer discharge time. Furthermore, FeV-WO3@g-C3N4 exhibits excellent stability.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Qi Jiang, Wei Liu, Shaopeng Wu, Xuanwen Gou
Summary: This study analyzes the erosion mechanisms of NaCl solution on asphalt concrete and finds that NaCl solution softens asphalt and promotes the intrusion of crystalline salt into it. Salt crystallization alters the surface roughness of aggregates, resulting in a decrease in skid resistance but an improvement in compressive strength. Additionally, the concentration of NaCl solution initially has no significant impact on the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete, but its domination gradually increases with the intensification of cyclic effects.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Lili Kan, Lan-qing Dai, Ning Kong, Bin Peng, Fei Wang
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of freezing and thawing cycles on the tensile behavior of cracked ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). The results show that long-term freezing and thawing action deteriorates the cracking strength, tensile strength, tensile strain, and strain energy of cracked UHPC. On the other hand, the action of water generally favors the development of tensile properties of UHPC. The crack distribution tends to be unsaturated under freezing and thawing environment, and the re-hydration reaction is hindered. The pore structure near the crack varies under different environments.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xin Xiao, Jingwei Li, Qingke Meng, Xiangshan Hou, Yanhui Liu, Xujiang Wang, Wenlong Wang, Shengtao Lu, Yuzhong Li, Yanpeng Mao, Tong Li
Summary: Preparing gypsum-based self-leveling mortar (GSLM) using beta-hemihydrate gypsum and solid wastes-derived sulfoaluminate cement (WSAC) can improve the mechanical performance of the mortar, but phosphorus impurities can weaken the hydration speed and degree.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sihang Bao, Junzhen Di, Yanrong Dong, Ziqing Gao, Qing Gu, Yuanfang Zhao, Hongyu Zhai
Summary: Tailings dam break and leakage accidents pose a threat to the safety of people in mining areas and cause severe environmental pollution. This study focuses on solidifying tailing sand using microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to improve strength and fix heavy metals. The curing time of MICP bio-cemented tailings is found to significantly impact the strength of tailings, while its effect on heavy metal fixation is minimal. The optimized MICP curing time is 10 days, resulting in improved strength and cementation of tailings particles.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ferhat Benmahiddine, Fares Bennai, Achraf Charaka, Ameur El Amine Hamami, Abdelkader Tahakourt, Rafik Belarbi
Summary: This paper studied the effects of hysteresis on the hygrothermal behavior at the building scale. Through laboratory validation and numerical simulations, it was found that hysteresis has a significant impact on the relative humidity and total heat fluxes in buildings, while it does not have a noticeable effect on temperature variations.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
You Gao, Wei He, Xiayang Zhang, De'an Sun, Pei Li
Summary: This study determined the boundary line between the swelling and compression deformation zone in lateritic clay through wetting tests, and proposed a simple bimodal SWRC model. It also found that the existing strength model underestimated the tested values in the medium to high suction range, therefore a segmented strength equation was introduced for enhanced predictions of the strength properties of lateritic clay.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Prabhath Ranjan Kumar Soda, Asheer Mogal, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Nikhil Thota, Nimish Bandaru, Sanjay Kumar Shukla, K. M. Mini
Summary: This study investigates the use of encapsulated bacteria to improve the self-healing ability of concrete. Through various tests, it is found that using 20% cement-coated alginate beads (CCAB) and 5% nanosilica (NS) can achieve optimal strength and healing. This research is significant for enhancing the durability of concrete.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shizhe Wang, Haiping Wu, Wen Yang, Wei Wang, Zhibo Zhu, Kun Nie, Luoxin Wang, Hua Wang, Jing Wu
Summary: In this study, photothermal-heat storage concrete (PHSC) was developed with excellent photothermal conversion performance and heat storage capacity. By absorbing and storing solar energy during the day and releasing it at night, PHSC can effectively reduce energy consumption in buildings.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Robin Deb, Jialuo He, Geetika Mishra, Yaghoob (Amir) Farnam
Summary: Incorporation techniques of phase change materials in cementitious composites have a significant influence on thermal properties. This study investigated the thermal behavior of low-temperature PCM when subjected to varying temperature change rates and pore confinement inside the porous network of lightweight aggregates. The results showed that ramp rates affect the nucleation and crystallization growth process during the phase transition, and the pore structure of the aggregates affects the supercooling phenomenon and confinement pressure of the PCM.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Eduardo Ferreira, Payam Sotoudeh, Dagmar Svecova
Summary: This study investigates the fatigue behavior of concrete under different stress reversal conditions. The results indicate that stress reversal generally causes more severe damage and reduces the cycles to failure compared to tensile fatigue. Additionally, adding some level of compression contributes to the energy required for failure under stress reversal fatigue. Specimens with higher concentration of fractured aggregates achieve longer fatigue lives.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mag Raj Gehlot, Sandeep Shrivastava
Summary: This study evaluates the compatibility relationship between plaster bonds and the substrate under an accelerated aging environment, and finds that incorporating an appropriate amount of granite cutting waste can improve the strength parameters and adhesion of the cement mortar.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Min Zhang, Qirui Luo, Mingke Deng, Shixing Zhao
Summary: This study investigated the bond behavior between carbon FRCM composites with added short fibers and concrete substrates. The effects of different factors were considered and 36 specimens were tested and discussed. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of failure mode, load-slip curve, and characteristic parameters, and the contribution of weft yarns was taken into account in the developed bondslip model.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dengkai Liu, Hongniao Chen, Ray Kai Leung Su
Summary: The susceptibility of building stones to fire and high temperature was investigated in this study by examining their physical and mechanical properties. The results show that both compressive and tensile properties of stones are affected by temperature changes. The tensile strength is particularly sensitive to temperature changes, requiring special attention to the components subjected to tensile stress in stone buildings. Principal component analysis was used to predict the mechanical properties of stones, providing a new method for calculating the residual mechanical properties after high temperature or fire.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Joso Maria Raposo, Eduardo Cavaco, Luis Costa Neves, Eduardo Julio
Summary: This paper investigates the correlation between the friction coefficient and the surface roughness of concrete-to-concrete interfaces. Experimental tests were performed on specimens with different surface treatments, and the surface roughness parameters were analyzed and correlated with the shear strength and friction coefficient. The results showed that certain roughness parameters had a strong positive correlation with the friction coefficient, while others had little or no correlation. A novel combined roughness parameter with optimized correlation was proposed.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chiara Riccardi, Massimo Losa
Summary: The interest in using bio materials in asphalt pavements is growing due to economic reasons and environmental benefits. This study aimed to review the use of bio extenders as additives in binders, with a focus on replacements greater than 20% of fossil binder. The properties of bio-extended binders were found to vary substantially depending on the biomass source and production process.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2024)
