Article
Engineering, Chemical
Marius Hilzenthaler, Luca Bifano, Florian Scherm, Gerhard Fischerauer, Andrea Seemann, Uwe Glatzel
Summary: The study found that after recycling AISI 904L stainless steel powder ten times, the flowability significantly increased, while there were no significant changes in the chemical composition and particle size distribution of the powder. The printed parts maintained comparable density and mechanical properties, indicating excellent recyclability of the powder material.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nicholas Derimow, Justin M. Gorham, May L. Martin, Jake T. Benzing, Ryan M. White, Nikolas Hrabe
Summary: XPS and SEM/TEM analysis were conducted on Ti-6Al-4V powders with different oxygen contents to investigate the effects of reuse on powder characteristics. The results showed a decrease in TiO2 and an increase in Al2O3 on the surface of reused powders, which is consistent with thermodynamics. Additionally, a higher amount of nitrogen and nitride was found on the surface of Grade 23 powders as a function of reuse.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Arash Soltani-Tehrani, Poshou Chen, Colton Katsarelis, Paul Gradl, Shuai Shao, Nima Shamsaei
Summary: The research investigated the feasibility of reusing NASA HR-1 powder for LP-DED of thin-walled structures. Reusing the powder five times slightly reduced fine particles and increased mean particle size, but had negligible effects on powder rheological properties. Reused powder exhibited similar flow behavior, leading to no variation in surface roughness, defects' size, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the as-deposited parts. Specimen orientation, parallel or perpendicular to building direction, influenced tensile ductility and fatigue resistance due to surface micro-notches and crack initiation.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Xiang Zhang, Fei Wang, Zhipeng Wu, Yongfeng Lu, Xueliang Yan, Michael Nastasi, Yan Chen, Yifei Hao, Xia Hong, Bai Cui
Summary: By combining a direct selective laser sintering process with a laser preheating procedure, the temperature gradient and thermal stress were reduced, leading to the successful additive manufacturing of BaTiO3 ceramics. The resulting h-BaTiO3 layer showed high relative density, absence of pores or microcracks, and a Vickers hardness 70% higher than conventionally sintered t-BaTiO3 ceramics.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
J. Joju, D. Verdi, W. S. Han, L. Y. Hang, N. Soh, C. C. Hampo, N. Liu, S. S. Yang
Summary: This study conducted a sustainability assessment on the reuse of un-melted feedstock powder in Directed Laser Deposition. The results showed that the un-melted powder experienced minimal changes and the Life Cycle Assessment demonstrated significant environmental benefits from reusing the powder. Reusing the powder resulted in a 15%-25% reduction in environmental impact compared to using only virgin material.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Konrad Gruber, Irina Smolina, Marcin Kasprowicz, Tomasz Kurzynowski
Summary: This study evaluates the degradation of Inconel 718 powder due to repeated use in the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process. The fine particle-size distribution of the virgin powder is found to be the main factor affecting flowability, while only spatter powder is degraded to the point of being unusable for direct reuse.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
R. Schur, S. Ghods, C. Wisdom, R. Pahuja, A. Montelione, D. Arola, M. Ramulu
Summary: This study evaluated the mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V metal resulting from Electron Beam Melting (EBM) as a function of powder reuse over 30 build cycles, finding that strength increased and ductility decreased with powder reuse. Anisotropy in elongation at failure and tensile toughness of the metal increased substantially with powder reuse.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2021)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Yves Bresson, Amevi Tongne, Maher Baili, Lionel Arnaud
Summary: Recycling and reusing powders in the LPBF process can reduce production costs, but may lead to unintended oxidation. The oxygen content of AlSi10Mg samples manufactured from different manipulated powders was compared in a study. It was found that powders heated by proximity with scanning zones had higher oxygen levels compared to non-heated powders. Another study evaluated strategies to reduce spatter generation with Ti6Al4V powders, and reducing the scanned surface was found to significantly reduce the number of spatters.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Manufacturing
Zahra Lotfizarei, Amir Mostafapour, Ahmed Barari, Alireza Jalili, Albert E. Patterson
Summary: Material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) is a common process for building solid geometry using selective extrusion of molten material. One emerging process within this group is powder material extrusion (PME), which extrudes feedstock consisting of metal or ceramic powder suspended in a thermoplastic matrix. PME offers low cost, simple equipment, and lack of industrial hazards and residual stresses.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Vincenzo Contaldi, Pasquale Corrado, Francesco Del Re, Daniela Di Martino, Paolo Di Petta, Biagio Palumbo, Fabio Scherillo, Antonino Squillace
Summary: Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used in additive manufacturing due to its excellent properties. However, the reuse of the powder may affect its characteristics and mechanical properties.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Giovanni Urruth, Delphine Maury, Christophe Voisin, Vincent Baylac, David Grossin
Summary: This study aimed to process 8 mol.% yttrium stabilized zirconia using powder bed selective laser processing, and successfully identified an optimized set of parameters for manufacturing high-density parts. Challenges and technical aspects observed during the study were also discussed.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
T. Stiller, M. Berer, A. D. Kashyap Katta, B. Haar, E. Truszkiewicz, W. Kraschitzer, H. Stepanvosky, G. Pinter, J. M. Lackner
Summary: This paper focuses on the experimental study of powder ageing behavior of polyamide 6 in the Laser Sintering process. The results show that as the powder is reused, the number of agglomerates increases, powder crystallinity increases, and viscosity increases. These ageing effects have an impact on the density and mechanical properties of the parts.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Soung Yeoul Ahn, Sang Guk Jeong, Eun Seong Kim, Suk Hoon Kang, Jungho Choe, Joo Young Ryu, Dae Woon Choi, Jin Seok Lee, Jung-Wook Cho, Takayoshi Nakano, Hyoung Seop Kim
Summary: Interest in recycling Zircaloy-4 scrap has grown recently due to its high melting temperature and powder reactivity challenges for metal additive manufacturing (MAM). This study successfully built Zircaloy-4 parts using laser powder bed fusion MAM for the first time while suppressing powder reactivity. The mechanical properties of the printed Zircaloy-4 were evaluated at room temperature and reactor operating temperature, showing remarkable yield strengths at both temperatures. This study serves as a starting point for safe Zircaloy-4 additive manufacturing.
METALS AND MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Hyungsoo Lee, Joong Eun Jung, Dong-Soo Kang, Hi Won Jeong, Dae Won Yun, Jungho Choe, Young Soo Yoo, Seong-Moon Seo
Summary: This study investigated the effects of powder reuse on the microstructures and mechanical properties of selective laser melted (SLM) parts. It was found that increased powder reuse led to an increase in average particle size and oxidation of the powder, which in turn affected the recrystallization of the SLMed parts. However, in the case of multiple powder reuses, the increased oxidation contributed to improved mechanical properties of the parts.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Nivas Ramachandiran, Hamed Asgari, Francis Dibia, Roger Eybel, Adrian Gerlich, Ehsan Toyserkani
Summary: The influence of alpha precipitate morphology on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-5Al-5V5Mo-3Cr (Ti-5553) was evaluated. It was found that the presence of non-lamellar alpha particles in the material contributed to outstanding ductility but poor impact toughness.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ziyan Zhao, Kaiyue Zheng, Xianghui Yu, Qian Qi, Lujie Wang, Yan Liu
Summary: In-situ TiC/Ni composites with Ta element were fabricated by reactive sintering. It was found that Ta element could reduce the oxidation rate and decrease the content of TiO2 and NiTiO3 in the oxide scale, thereby optimizing the oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity of the composites.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kai Wang, Mingyuan Ma, Yingchun Diao, Qijun Huang, Xiangkui Zhou, Guojian Li, Qiang Wang
Summary: The relationship between the V(C, N) content and the thickness of the gradient layer in nanocrystalline cemented carbides was investigated. The introduction of V(C, N) was found to enhance the mechanical properties of these materials.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Claudio Bertalan, Steven Moseley, Leonel Pereira, Ralph Useldinger
Summary: The influence of sintering temperature, dwelling time at maximum temperature and carbon content on the microstructure and mechanical and magnetic properties of WC-6%Co hardmetal was investigated. Results showed that to maximize hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS), sintering should be performed at a low temperature (< 1400°C) and with a dwelling time of at least 75 minutes. This is particularly important for low carbon parts to ensure the necessary microstructure homogeneity required for high TRS.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Longlong Sun, Hang Li, Ningxin Wei, Jianliang Li, Jiewen Huang, Jian Kong, Qiujie Wu, Yan Shi, Dangsheng Xiong
Summary: By regulating the microstructure of TaBx films deposited by magnetron sputtering, the hardness and wear resistance of the films can be improved. With the increase of the bias voltage, the B content decreases and the crystallinity is enhanced. The microstructure of the films transforms from fibrous to dense columnar and then to granular structure. At a bias voltage of -180 V, the films exhibit super high hardness and relatively moderate fracture toughness.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Liang Xia, Kai Liu, Yucheng Cao, Chao Jiang
Summary: This study investigates the microstructure information and mechanical behavior of ion-irradiated zirconium alloys through experimental measurements and theoretical analysis. Experimental procedures involve Au3+ irradiation of specific alloys, and transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the formation of precipitates and their transformation after ion-irradiation. Macroscopic mechanical properties are characterized by nano-indentation tests, revealing significant indentation size effect and irradiation hardening behavior. A mechanistic model is developed to explain the depth-dependent hardness observed in ion-irradiated zirconium alloys.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jiangtao Zhang, Guoqin Huang, Yangli Xu, Jianyu Wang, Guangyao Han, Yuanqiang Tan
Summary: Selective laser melting (SLM) provides a novel method for the integrated production of structural and functional metal-matrix diamond composites in the field of diamond tools. In this study, a discrete element method model is developed to simulate the spreading process of diamond/CuSn composite powders. The findings reveal that adjusting the physical properties of diamond particles and process parameters can improve the powder bed quality and particle dynamics, leading to better performance of diamond tools.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Roman Gabor, Ladislav Cvrcek, Karel Masek, Josef Hlinka, Oldrich Motyka, Jan Walter, Grazyna Simha Martynkova, Gabriela Mikeskova, Jana Seidlerova
Summary: This study investigated the surface modification of β-Ti39Nb alloy using micro-arc oxidation technique, and examined the relationships between surface chemical composition, morphology, and tribological and corrosion properties. The results showed that the technique improved the wear resistance of the alloy, and the particle analysis confirmed the correlation between particle composition and tribological parameters.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Benedetto Bozzini, Matteo Amati, Luca Gregoratti, Majid Kazemian, Francesco Tavola, Sandra Tedeschi, Gian Pietro De Gaudenzi
Summary: In this study, the composition and chemical state of the surface of hardmetal subjected to controlled electrochemical corrosion were analyzed using synchrotron-based scanning photoelectron microscopy and photoelectron microspectroscopy. The results showed that corrosion under different conditions led to surface enrichment and leaching of different chemical elements and species.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
B. Roebuck, M. G. Gee, K. P. Mingard, H. G. Jones, H. Zhang, V. Tong
Summary: Metrology provides scientific support for the practical use of testing standards and helps establish a common language for different users regarding material capabilities. The hardmetal industry already has numerous international standards, but there is still room for improvement in certain testing strategies. The Materials Group at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK focuses on metrology and has highlighted specific metrological issues that need further attention. These include high hardness measurements, dislocation analysis, micro-tribology, nanoindentation, and structural characterization.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Suyeon Kim, Taehyun Kwon, Seulgi Kim, Sung Ho Song, Dongju Lee
Summary: This study examines the effect of two different methods, oxide reduction and mechanical alloying, on the sintering behavior and microstructure of molybdenum-tungsten sintered compacts. The sintered compacts produced with oxide-reduced nanopowders exhibit higher density, purity, and a finer microstructure, making them more suitable for sputtering targets.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
A. M. Ferro Rocha, A. M. Santos, R. Mineiro, P. Pereira, J. Sacramento, A. M. R. Senos, A. C. Bastos
Summary: This study compares the corrosion resistance of different hardmetal composites and their binders in a corrosive environment. Through electrochemical testing methods, the corrosion behavior of these materials was studied, and the influence of the binder's electrochemical behavior on the corrosion resistance of hardmetal was explored.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bo Li, Yong Zheng, Wangwang Wang, Hao Wu, Yufan Li, Jin Lv
Summary: The effects of various Cr doping amounts on the microstructure and properties of Mo2FeB2-based cermets were investigated using EDS, SEM, and TEM. The results showed that moderate Cr doping enhanced the system's wettability, fracture toughness, and transverse rupture strength, while excessive Cr addition decreased mechanical properties. The solid-solution of Cr in the hard phase had the most pronounced effect on the mechanical properties of the cermets.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Min Lian, Fei Wang, Kaixuan Rong, Xiaoci Ma, Hetian Liu, Xinmiao Gai, Yufei Ge, Shushan Dong, Qiang Tao, Pinwen Zhu
Summary: This study successfully optimized the toughness of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) by adjusting the intergranular fracture (IF) and transgranular fracture (TF) modes. The results showed that a mixture of the IF and TF modes resulted in higher hardness and toughness in PCD compared to a single fracture mode. The toughness of the PCD was approximately three times that of single-crystal diamonds and comparable to that of pure nanotwinned diamonds. The mixed modes introduced toughening mechanisms such as high frequency large crack deflection, crack bridging, pull-out, and crack branching, which increased the toughness of the PCD.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ruifang Wang, Xiang Zhan, Yongqiang Chen, Chao Zhang, Yusi Che, Jilin He
Summary: The particle size and morphology of tungsten powders play a crucial role in determining the processing properties of tungsten products. This study investigated the effects of water vapor partial pressure on the hydrogen reduction of tungsten oxides, and proposed a method of changing the particle size of tungsten powders using bottom blowing hydrogen. The experimental results showed that bottom-blowing hydrogen could improve the uniformity of tungsten powders in a crucible by eliminating discrepancies in water vapor partial pressure. The partial pressure of water vapor increased with the temperature of the water bath, leading to an increase in the average particle size of tungsten powders.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Oladapo Eso, Xu Wang, Samuel Wolf, Travis Puzz
Summary: In recent decades, there has been an increasing trend in incorporating alloying additives into WC-Co hardmetals for property enhancement. This paper establishes correlations between properties and microstructure of binder modified WC-Co compositions, and explains the observed property correlations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2024)