Article
Energy & Fuels
Peiying Shi, Bin Leng, Xiangxi Ye, Shubin Wang, Litao Chang, Xiaoke Li, Xiaoli Li, Hefei Huang
Summary: The high-temperature tribocorrosion performance of 316H stainless steel in a molten solar salt was comparatively studied. It was found that under dry sliding conditions, the wear rate increases at 500 degrees C while the friction coefficient decreases. In contrast, the wear resistance of 316H at 500 degrees C in molten nitrate salt is remarkably improved due to the lubrication effect of the molten salt and the enhanced oxidation tendency on the worn surface.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
James R. Keiser, Preet M. Singh, Michael J. Lance, Harry M. Meyer, Kristian G. Myhre, Tracie M. Lowe, Dino Sulejmanovic, Ercan Cakmak, Victoria A. Cox, C. Shane Hawkins, Adam W. Willoughby
Summary: The increased demand for renewable energy resources has sparked a renewed interest in nuclear reactors, including a new generation of molten salt reactors. The handling of molten chloride or fluoride salts poses a challenge due to the inability of metals to form and retain a protective oxide surface layer. A specific alloy, Hastelloy N, was developed to address this issue, but it had some deficiencies. For the next generation of molten salt reactors, an alloy with higher temperature capability and pressure vessel code approval is required, leading some reactor designers to opt for 316H stainless steel. To minimize corrosion of the stainless steel by the molten fluoride salt, beryllium metal can be added to react with impurities and lower the oxidation potential. However, there are concerns about the potential reaction between beryllium and the stainless steel components.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
William Doniger, Cody Falconer, Adrien Couet, Kumar Sridharan
Summary: The corrosion behavior of 316L and 316H stainless steels in molten LiF-NaF-KF salt was studied at 700 degrees C for 500 h. The capsule material had a significant impact on the corrosion behavior of the stainless steels. The corrosion modes were categorized into three types: uniform surface recession, selective grain boundary Cr dissolution, and bulk grain Cr dissolution.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xinmei Yang, Huajian Liu, Bingchuan Chen, Min Ge, Yuan Qian, Jianqiang Wang
Summary: This study investigates the corrosion behavior of GH3535 alloy in molten LiF-BeF2 salt. The results indicate that the corrosion is driven by NiF2 in the salt and O-2 leakage. The corrosion is severer in the hot section compared to the cold section. BeCr2O4 is detected on the alloy surface in the cold section but not in the hot section. Reactions between Be and metallic fluorides significantly reduce the impurity concentration in the molten salt, resulting in no obvious corrosion in the GH3535 alloy at different temperatures.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoli Li, Litao Chang, Chengpeng Liu, Bin Leng, Xiangxi Ye, Fenfen Han, Xinmei Yang
Summary: The study found that long-time thermal aging affects the corrosion behavior of type 316H stainless steel in molten chloride salt, resulting in reduced weight loss and thinner Cr depleted region in the thermally-aged specimens. The mechanisms behind the different corrosion behaviors were discussed based on experimental observations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qi Gao, Yuanwei Lu, Yanchun Yang, Yuting Wu, Cancan Zhang, Zhansheng Fan
Summary: This study investigated the corrosion behavior of molten salt with different chlorine ion (Cl) content on metal materials. The results showed that the quaternary mixed molten salt with a low Clcontent of 0.03 wt% had the lowest corrosion rate on stainless steel, and the addition of calcium ions (Ca2+) to solar salt with the same Clcontent of 0.03 wt% reduced the corrosion rate of stainless steel. Morphological analysis of the corrosion products revealed the formation of calcium rich oxide layers containing CaFeO4, which inhibited further corrosion of stainless steel in molten salt.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Stephen S. Raiman, J. Matthew Kurley, Dino Sulejmanovic, Adam Willoughby, Scott Nelson, Keyou Mao, Chad M. Parish, M. Scott Greenwood, Bruce A. Pint
Summary: The mass changes and deposition products of Type 316H stainless steel exposed to FLiNaK salt at different temperatures were investigated. The results showed that the samples experienced mass loss in the high-temperature region and mass gain in the low-temperature region, with the deposition of Fe-rich layer on the stainless steel surface.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Nuclear Science & Technology
Hua Ai, Xin-Mei Yang, Hua-Jian Liu, Bing-Chuan Chen, Ling Han, Hua Sun, Yan-Jun Chen, Yuan Qian, Jian-Qiang Wang
Summary: This study investigates the corrosion behavior of 316H stainless steel in impure and purified NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 salt. The absorbed moisture, present as MgCl26H(2)O, is found to be the main deleterious impurity in the impure salt. Purification treatment using dissolved Mg metal effectively reduces the corrosiveness of the salt.
NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Krishna Moorthi Sankar, Preet M. Singh
Summary: The study shows that the addition of Li metal can effectively control the redox behavior of salt and mitigate corrosion. Even small quantities of Li metal can reduce the selective dissolution of active alloying elements in FLiNaK for the tested structural materials.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Electrochemistry
Francesco Carotti, Ertai Liu, Digby D. Macdonald, Raluca O. Scarlat
Summary: The study found that LiH reacts with FLiBe to generate an electroactive species, allowing for accurate detection of introduced hydrogen using electrochemical methods, while the concentration of H-0 remains above 40%. It is speculated that covalent BeH2 may be formed in FLiBe after the addition of LiH.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xin Du, Shaoqiang Guo, Sheng Wang
Summary: This study investigates the embrittlement of nickel alloys caused by fission product tellurium in nuclear molten fuel salt systems. The reduction reactions of tellurium and the electrochemical formation of nickel tellurides have been identified. The study suggests the critical potential for mitigating tellurium embrittlement using the redox control technique.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Junxia Geng, Zhongqi Zhao, Zhiqiang Cheng, Wenxin Li, Qiang Dou, Haiying Fu, Jifeng Hu, Xiangzhou Cai, Jingen Chen, Qingnuan Li
Summary: This study investigated the behavior of fission product iodine released from the melting process of a mixture consisting of UF4 irradiated with neutrons and 2LiF-BeF2 (FLiBe) salt. It was found that a large amount of iodine was released immediately during melting due to redox reaction between hot atoms. The activity ratios of I-131 to salt-seeking fission products in the fuel salt can be used as an effective diagnostic criterion for monitoring the redox potential of fuel salts in a molten salt reactor.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Heng Li, Xiaowei Wang, Xiucheng Feng, Xinyu Yang, Jianqun Tang, Jianming Gong, Sean B. Leen
Summary: In this study, the mechanical behaviors of 304 and 316L steels in solar salt with different contents of chloride impurity were investigated. The results show that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the steels are negligibly affected by molten salt corrosion, but the ductility decreases with increasing chloride contents. Corrosion cracks primarily initiate and propagate along the grain boundary.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Liam Witteman, Kerry Rippy, Patrick Taylor, Judith Vidal
Summary: This study investigates the electrochemical behavior of MgOH+ reduction on a tungsten cathode in molten chloride salt. The formation of MgOH+ within the salt leads to corrosion, which is a major barrier to the use of chloride salts in various applications. Although pre-purification methods exist, continuous purification during plant operation is necessary. Therefore, this study aims to assess the scalability of continuous electrochemical purification using a Mg anode and W cathode.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jie Qiu, Digby D. Macdonald, Ryan Schoell, Junsoo Han, Sara Mastromarino, John R. Scully, Djamel Kaoumi, Peter Hosemann
Summary: The study found that the oxide film formed on Type 316L stainless steel in molten FLiNaK salt is unstable and can only provide temporary corrosion protection. After the dissolution of the oxide film, selective dealloying of Cr and Fe from the steel leads to intergranular corrosion of Type 316L SS in molten fluoride salt.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mohamed Elbakhshwan, William Doniger, Cody Falconer, Michael Moorehead, Calvin Parkin, Chuan Zhang, Kumar Sridharan, Adrien Couet
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2019)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Cody Falconer, William H. Doniger, Louis Bailly-Salins, Evan Buxton, Mohamed Elbakhshwan, Kumar Sridharan, Adrien Couet
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Matthew Weinstein, Cody Falconer, William Doniger, Louis Bailly-Salins, Raphaelle David, Kumar Sridharan, Adrien Couet
Summary: The corrosion of nickel and copper electroplated coatings on SS316H in molten FLiNaK salt was studied at 700 degrees Celsius. The coatings were found to effectively protect SS316H from chromium dissolution, with limited interdiffusion between the coatings and the SS316H. Diffusion modelling showed that the nickel coatings significantly reduced chromium dissolution over 60 years despite some interdiffusion.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
William Doniger, Cody Falconer, Adrien Couet, Kumar Sridharan
Summary: The corrosion behavior of 316L and 316H stainless steels in molten LiF-NaF-KF salt was studied at 700 degrees C for 500 h. The capsule material had a significant impact on the corrosion behavior of the stainless steels. The corrosion modes were categorized into three types: uniform surface recession, selective grain boundary Cr dissolution, and bulk grain Cr dissolution.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Cody Falconer, Mohamed Elbakhshwan, William Doniger, Matthew Weinstein, Kumar Sridharan, Adrien Couet
Summary: This study models the activity gradient mass transport in various 316L-X material systems and confirms the predicted mass transport through corrosion testing in a molten fluoride salt medium, providing insights into a mechanism of complex corrosion phenomena observed in molten salt-cooled reactors.
NPJ MATERIALS DEGRADATION
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhichao Shang, Xiaoping Cai, Farshid Pahlevani, Yan Zheng, Akbar Hojjati-Najafabadi, Xinran Gao, Baojing Zhang, Peizhong Feng
Summary: High porosity Co-Al-Fe intermetallics with 3D-microstructures were successfully synthesized in one step via a thermal explosion reaction. The link between pore structure and permeability was investigated using 3D-XRM technology. The corrosion resistance of the samples with different Fe contents was studied at 900 degrees C under an oxygen/sulphur atmosphere for up to 120 h. The results showed that the samples maintained stable pore structure and intact internal matrices, attributed to the formation of a thin protective layer on the surface. In addition, inward diffusion of S resulted in the formation of FeS nodules.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lian Ma, Hain Yang, Daquan Zhang, Wei Wu
Summary: In this study, an environmentally friendly volatile corrosion inhibitor, lysine salts (LA), was prepared between graphene oxide (GO) layers using an in situ intercalation technique. The corrosion inhibition effect of LA was evaluated, and it was found that LA-GO2 achieved a 99.3% corrosion inhibition efficiency after composition optimization. The inhibition of the electrochemical anodic process on the surface of mild steel was the main reason for the high corrosion inhibition efficiency of LA-GO2. The properties of the surface film on the corroded steel were also characterized in detail to understand the corrosion inhibition mechanism of LA-GO2.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Running Wang, Jiaping Zhang, Bing Liu, Jie Fei, Qiangang Fu
Summary: By introducing a tailored SiC-C interphase, the carbon fiber can be effectively protected, improving the mechanical and ablation properties of leading edge shaped C/C-ZrC-SiC composites.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zihua Wang, Chijia Wang, Ruitao Wang, Jiapeng Deng, Kun Zhang, Yanji Zhu, Huaiyuan Wang
Summary: A robust anti-corrosive coating has been developed using functional fly ash, which demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance and improved mechanical properties. The coating achieves these enhancements through molecular cross-linking design and surface augmentation techniques, resulting in a significantly improved impedance modulus compared to pure polyurea coatings.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Haofei Sun, Meifeng Li, Hao Zhang, Jing Liu
Summary: The oxidation behavior of FeCrNi medium entropy alloy was investigated through experimental observations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The study found that at 900 degrees C, the alloy forms a desirable and continuous oxide layer, while at 1000 degrees C, the oxide layer becomes discontinuous with penetration of oxide. These observations highlight the significant role of phase structure in promoting the formation of protective oxide scales and influencing oxidation resistance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yang Li, Ke Ma, Jingjun Xu, Jingjing Li, Yueming Li, Yi Zhang, Jun Zuo, Meishuan Li
Summary: Cr2AlC diffusion barrier effectively blocks the diffusion of Ti, enhancing the stability and spalling resistance of the Al2O3 scales between NiCrAlY coating and TiAl alloy.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Weiyi Wang, Qinglin Pan, Xiangdong Wang, Bing Liu
Summary: By adding Ce, Sc, Y and Zr elements to Al-Mg-Si alloy, the microstructure of the alloy can be regulated, and the corrosion and heat resistance of the materials can be improved.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Andrea Cristoforetti, Javier Izquierdo, Ricardo M. Souto, Flavio Deflorian, Michele Fedel, Stefano Rossi
Summary: This study presents a new approach to studying the mechanism of filiform corrosion in organic coated steel using the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and micropotentiometry (potentiometric SECM). The electrochemical activity under the coating was evaluated by mapping the ionic current densities coming from artificial defects made in specific locations of the filament. Antimony tips were also used to investigate the pH changes associated with different corrosion reactions at the metal-paint interface. Local pH levels along the filament in the anodic and cathodic regions were determined.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yang Gao, Dayun Sun, Zhu Liu, Shuo Cong, Rui Tang, Yanping Huang, Lefu Zhang, Xianglong Guo
Summary: The corrosion characteristics of a novel alumina-forming austenitic steel in high-pressure high-temperature water environment were studied. The addition of aluminum has a negative effect on the continuity of the alumina scale.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Negin Madelat, Benny Wouters, Peter Visser, Zahra Jiryaeisharahi, Kristof Marcoen, Shoshan T. Abrahami, Annick Hubin, Herman Terryn, Tom Hauffman
Summary: This work explores the correlation between electrolyte transport properties and the variation of pigment volume concentration (PVC) in organic coatings. An odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ORP-EIS) approach is used to analyze the diffusion of ions independent from water uptake. The results show that a higher PVC leads to a more homogeneous coating structure, resulting in faster diffusion of ions and enhanced water uptake.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Eloa Lopes Maia, Serguei Gavrilov, Valentyn Tsisar, Kitty Baert, Iris De Graeve
Summary: The effect of pre-oxidation in air at 300-500°C on the initiation and development of liquid metal corrosion attack on 316L austenitic steel in static lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been investigated. It was found that pre-formed oxide films can protect the surface against dissolution, while high temperature pre-oxidation leads to localized corrosion.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Baozhuang Sun, Qiuyu Wang, Yue Pan, Zhiyong Liu, Cuiwei Du, Xiaogang Li
Summary: In this study, a non-steady electrochemical model was established to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The model was verified using 304 SS with various microstructures, confirming its effectiveness in assessing SCC susceptibility.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xingyu Xiao, Xinhua Liu, Zhilei Wang, Xuexu Xu, Mingying Chen, Jianxin Xie
Summary: The corrosion behavior and mechanisms of Cu-10Ni-X (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Sn, Ti, Zn) alloys in a 3.5% NaCl solution were systematically investigated. Both computational and experimental results revealed that except Ti, other elements could enhance the corrosion resistance of Cu2O passivation film.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gen Zhang, Yan-Ping Huang, E. Jiang, Wei -Wei Liu, Hong Yang, Jing Xiong, Yong-Fu Zhao
Summary: The addition of aluminum has a significant influence on the intermetallic compounds in AFA alloys, particularly increasing the content of B2-NiAl phase. In the SCO2 environment, the oxide scales formed on AFA alloys with aluminum were thinner than on ASS without aluminum, and the structure of the oxide scales changed to a double-layer structure.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yuxuan He, Guozheng Xiao, Chao Wang, Xuefeng Lu, Liuyuan Li, Shiying Liu, Yusheng Wu, Zhanjie Wang
Summary: The relationship between configurational entropy and lattice distortion in novel rare earth monosilicates was investigated, and the effect of configurational entropy on their properties was studied. The results showed that lattice distortion increased with the increase of configurational entropy, but a highly symmetrical crystal structure was formed when the configurational entropy was large enough, inhibiting the lattice distortion.