Review
Immunology
Tadamitsu Kishimoto
Summary: Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, has been effective in treating chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases and alleviating cytokine storms induced by CAR-T-cell therapy. It is also considered a potential therapeutic for serious cases of COVID-19 with cytokine release syndrome.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
N. Broman, K. Rantasarkka, T. Feuth, M. Valtonen, M. Waris, U. Hohenthal, E. Rintala, A. Karlsson, H. Marttila, V. Peltola, T. Vuorinen, J. Oksi
Summary: IL-6 and CRP were found to be the strongest predictors of severity in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, showing significantly higher levels in patients eventually admitted to the ICU. No statistical differences were found in median levels of lymphocytes, D-dimer, or ferritin between the groups.
ANNALS OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anna Paola Capra, Lelio Crupi, Giuseppe Panto, Alberto Repici, Fabrizio Calapai, Raffaele Squeri, Alessio Ardizzone, Emanuela Esposito
Summary: According to this study, Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) may serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing the severity of COVID-19 and systemic inflammatory responses. The research found elevated levels of PTX3 and other inflammatory proteins in previously infected COVID-19-positive individuals. Gender was also found to influence the severity of the disease, with higher levels of PTX3 in males compared to females.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Morry Silberstein
Summary: Vitamin D may be more effective than IL-6 antagonists like tocilizumab in treating COVID-19, as it modulates IL-6 immune responses and potentially reduces pro-inflammatory effects. Current studies indicate a positive therapeutic effect of Vitamin D in COVID-19 patients, providing a strong rationale for its use.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fabiana Furci, Giuseppe Murdaca, Alessandro Allegra, Luca Gammeri, Gianenrico Senna, Sebastiano Gangemi
Summary: Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 represents a major challenge in terms of clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. IL-33, a key cytokine involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, plays a role in the severity of COVID-19. Understanding the immunological role of IL-33 can help identify potential immunotherapies to prevent disease progression and save lives.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Medical Laboratory Technology
Hossein M. Elbadawy, Amin Khattab, Dina S. El-Agamy, Heba M. Eltahir, Aisha Alhaddad, Fahad Dakilallah Aljohani, Tarraji Mohammed Almuzaini, Mekky M. Abouzied, Ahmed Aldhafiri
Summary: By analyzing blood samples, it was found that mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients had elevated levels of IL-6, which showed positive correlations with laboratory results, including white blood cell count and coagulation function indicators, and negative correlations with red blood cells, albumin, and hemoglobin. Therefore, IL-6 can serve as a severity biomarker of COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS
(2023)
Review
Cell Biology
Mattia Emanuela Ligotti, Fanny Pojero, Giulia Accardi, Anna Aiello, Calogero Caruso, Giovanni Duro, Giuseppina Candore
Summary: The severity of COVID-19 outcomes varies depending on individual factors like age, health status, and gender. Immunosenescence and inflammageing may play a key role in the progression of the disease, while stem cell-based therapies, especially multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, show promise in improving immune response and reducing inflammation.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hamed Fouladseresht, Mehrnoosh Doroudchi, Najmeh Rokhtabnak, Hossein Abdolrahimzadehfard, Amir Roudgari, Golnar Sabetian, Shahram Paydar
Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents a wide range of clinical symptoms from mild to severe, with inflammatory mechanisms playing a crucial role in its immunopathology. Cellular and molecular mediators of the immune system may serve as potential targets for predicting, monitoring, and treating complications of COVID-19. This review assesses the latest data on the immunopathology of COVID-19, focusing on pathological evidence, dysregulations of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and impairments of immune system functions.
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Vikram Jain, Pratap Kumar, Prasan Kumar Panda, Mohan Suresh, Karanvir Kaushal, Anissa A. Mirza, Rohit Raina, Sarama Saha, Balram J. Omar, Vivekanandhan Subbiah
Summary: This study investigated the role of IL-6 in COVID-19 diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, suggesting that IL-6 levels above 40 pg/mL are associated with higher rates of mortality, ICU admissions, and ventilator requirements.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Francesco Maione, Gian Marco Casillo, Federica Raucci, Cristian Salvatore, Giovanna Ambrosini, Luisa Costa, Raffaele Scarpa, Francesco Caso, Mariarosaria Bucci
Summary: Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between elevated IL-17A levels and the severity and progression of COVID-19. Considering its ability to activate inflammatory pathways, IL-17A may play a role in the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Khalid Omer Alfarouk, Sari T. S. Alhoufie, Abdelhameed Hifny, Laurent Schwartz, Ali S. Alqahtani, Samrein B. M. Ahmed, Ali M. Alqahtani, Saad S. Alqahtani, Abdel Khalig Muddathir, Heyam Ali, Adil H. H. Bashir, Muntaser E. Ibrahim, Maria Raffaella Greco, Rosa A. Cardone, Salvador Harguindey, Stephan Joel Reshkin
Summary: COVID-19, caused by viral infection, is a pandemic disease with high mortality rate, with most symptoms related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Targeting mitochondrion may offer a more rational treatment approach, and understanding the underlying causes could enhance the opportunity to treat COVID-19 effectively.
JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anna Lebedeva, Ivan Molodtsov, Alexandra Anisimova, Anastasia Berestovskaya, Oleg Dukhin, Antonina Elizarova, Wendy Fitzgerald, Darya Fomina, Kseniya Glebova, Oxana Ivanova, Anna Kalinskaya, Anastasia Lebedeva, Maryana Lysenko, Elena Maryukhnich, Elena Misyurina, Denis Protsenko, Alexander Rosin, Olga Sapozhnikova, Denis Sokorev, Alexander Shpektor, Daria Vorobyeva, Elena Vasilieva, Leonid Margolis
Summary: COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) and those without formed distinct clusters based on their cytokine concentrations. However, the administration of tocilizumab therapy did not fully correspond to these CSS clusters. IL-1RA was found to be prognostically significant in both groups and may be useful in defining the onset of a cytokine storm and indicating anti-cytokine therapy in COVID-19.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
A. Farina, R. Labriola, C. Ialongo, M. Suppa, V. Viggiani, M. Lucarelli, E. Anastasi, A. Angeloni
Summary: The study revealed that elevated levels of IL-6 in severe COVID-19 patients may trigger immune response, leading to clonal gammopathy. This anomaly may be related to the progression and severity of the viral infection.
MICROBES AND INFECTION
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Qingqing Lu, Zhenhua Zhu, Chaochao Tan, Hui Zhou, Yan Hu, Ge Shen, Pan Zhu, Gang Yang, Xiaobing Xie
Summary: The study found that levels of IL-10, IL-1 beta, MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-4 were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients, while IL-6 was only significantly higher than in healthy individuals and IP-10 was significantly lower than in patients with other diseases. The detection of these cytokines may assist in the clinical study of COVID-19, and IP-10 could potentially be an early elevation cytokine in COVID-19 patients.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Ahmet Omma, Abdulsamet Erden, Berkan Armagan, Serdar Can Guven, Ozlem Karakas, Enes Seyda Sahiner, Deniz Erdem, Seval Izdes, Ihsan Ates, Orhan Kucuksahin
Summary: This study retrospectively investigated the use of IVIg in managing severe Covid-19 cases, finding that IVIg was mainly used in severe and refractory cases with a relatively high survival rate observed in some cases.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2021)