Solid lipid nanoparticles coated with cross-linked polymeric double layer for oral delivery of curcumin

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are regarded as promising carriers to improve the safety and effectiveness of delivery for drugs and nutrients, however, the clinic applications for oral administration are limited by their poor stability in gastrointestinal conditions. In this study, surface modification was explored to confer new physicochemical properties to SLNs and thus achieve enhanced functionalities. Novel SLNs with biopolymeric double layer (DL) coating using two natural biopolymers, i.e. caseinate (NaCas) and pectin, were prepared to encapsulate and deliver curcumin, a lipophilic bioactive compound studied as a model drug/nutrient. The DL coating was chemically cross-linked by creating covalent bonds between NaCas and pectin, using two different cross-linkers, i.e. glutaraldehyde (GA) and 1-Ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS). Prior to cross-linking, the mean particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of DL-SLNs were 300-330 nm, 0.25-0.30, -45-40 mV, respectively. It was found that cross-linking with GA had a more prominent effect on particle size and polydispersity index than EDC/NHS. The cross-linking process significantly improved physicochemical properties of DL-SLNs, resulting in higher encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity, better stability and slower release profile in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Particularly, an optimal zero order release kinetic was observed for EDC/NHS crosslinked DL-SLNs. The electron microscopy revealed that both cross-linked DL-SLNs exhibited spherical shape with homogeneous size and smooth surface. Encapsulation of curcumin in SLNs dramatically enhanced its antioxidant activity in aqueous condition. The cross-linking process further helped spray drying of SLNs by forming homogenous powder particles. These results indicated that coating with cross-linked polymers could significantly improve the physicochemical properties of SLNs and expand their potentials as oral delivery systems for lipophilic nutrients and drugs. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.