The uncinate viscidium and floral setae, an evolutionary innovation and exaptation to increase pollination success in the Telipogon alliance (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)

Floral innovations are key for pollinator specialization and play a significant role in plant diversification. Orchidaceae present many examples of floral innovations that allow its high degrees of pollinator specialization and promoted speciation. The rich neotropical genusTelipogonevolved an uncinate (=hook-like) viscidium on the pollinarium and setae-bearing flowers, which are uncommon in Orchidaceae; however, the importance of them on pollination success and whether they are floral innovations or exaptations inTelipogonhave not been investigated. Here we investigate the morphology of the viscidium and floral setae within theTelipogonalliance (including the generaHofmeisterella,TrichocerosandTelipogon), test their significance in pollination, and their occurrence and evolution across the Oncidiinae. We usedTelipogon peruvianusas a model species to test whether uncinate viscidium and floral setae increased pollination success compared with a cochleariform (=spoon-like) viscidium and lack of floral setae condition. We show that the uncinate viscidium is a synapomorphy forTelipogon; setae-bearing flowers are not universally found among all species ofTelipogonand evolved once in theTelipogonalliance. Furthermore,Telipogon peruvianusflowers with an uncinate viscidium have achieved higher pollinia export than those with cochleariform viscidium (ancestral condition), whereas flowers with setae have both higher success in pollinia removal, although not significant, and pollinia deposition than those lacking of setae (ancestral condition). We demonstrate that uncinate viscidia and floral setae inTelipogonare a key innovation and exaptation, respectively, that enhance pollination success and they might act as drivers of diversification and pollinator specialization in this genus.