How to fabricate efficient perovskite solar mini-modules in lab

With the high efficiencies achieved, perovskite solar cells are showing promise for commercial applications. Exploring scale-up technology for perovskite solar modules is becoming the next focus. The scaling-up not only requires the development of methods for fabrication of large-area perovskite films but also needs to develop functional materials for high-efficiency modules. To evaluate the materials for modules, a mature module fabrication process shall be established. However, few research groups know how to fabricate modules, especially the large-area perovskite films, which is often difficult to learn or requires expensive instruments. This will slow down the research in perovskite solar modules. Herein, a detailed description for the fabrication of high-efficiency mini-modules in lab is elaborated. Using spin-coater and multi-tip pipette, repeatable 5 x 5 cm(2) modules with efficiency exceeding 16% are easily fabricated. Thus, a simple way to fabricate modules in labs is demonstrated, providing a platform for modules research.