Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Nevio Cimolai
Summary: The article discusses the transmission and potential pathogenicity of endemic coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1 in humans, as well as the potential impact on health. It also speculates on the possible future trend of SARS-CoV-2 and calls for continued research on antiviral therapy and vaccination.
Article
Virology
Diego Forni, Rachele Cagliani, Uberto Pozzoli, Alessandra Mozzi, Federica Arrigoni, Luca De Gioia, Mario Clerici, Manuela Sironi
Summary: This study re-assessed the timing of endemic coronavirus emergence, controlled for factors influencing molecular dating, obtained estimates for the time to the most recent common ancestor for the four coronaviruses, and compared the occurrence of influenza pandemics. The results suggested a correlation between coronavirus emergence and the exponential increase of human population.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaohua Peng, Charles S. Dela S. Cruz, Lokesh Sharma
Summary: Lysosomes are important organelles that play key roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and immune response. Viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, have developed unique mechanisms to evade lysosomal destruction and utilize lysosomes to enter and exit cells. Acidification of lysosomes is inhibited by coronaviruses to survive in this hostile environment, which impairs cellular functions and makes the host susceptible to secondary bacterial infections. Lysosomal enzymes also contribute to cell death and tissue damage during these infections. Targeting lysosomal pathways can limit viral replication and minimize the negative impact on host immunity against secondary bacterial infections.
DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
William R. Morgenlander, Stephanie N. Henson, Daniel R. Monaco, Athena Chen, Kirsten Littlefield, Evan M. Bloch, Eric Fujimura, Ingo Ruczinski, Andrew R. Crowley, Harini Natarajan, Savannah E. Butler, Joshua A. Weiner, Mamie Z. Li, Tania S. Bonny, Sarah E. Benner, Ashwin Balagopal, David Sullivan, Shmuel Shoham, Thomas C. Quinn, Susan H. Eshleman, Arturo Casadevall, Andrew D. Redd, Oliver Laeyendecker, Margaret E. Ackerman, Andrew Pekosz, Stephen J. Elledge, Matthew Robinson, Aaron A. R. Tobian, H. Benjamin Larman
Summary: This study found strong correlation between the functionality of COVID-19 convalescent plasma and polyclonal antibody targeting of specific peptides in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Antibody responses to specific coronaviruses correlated with the development of highly neutralizing antibodies against CoV-2. Plasma donations reactive to the CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain had higher neutralizing titers.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Michael Szardenings, Nicolas Delaroque, Karolin Kern, Lisbeth Ramirez-Caballero, Marcus Puder, Eva Ehrentreich-Foerster, Joachim Beige, Sebastian Zuerner, Georg Popp, Johannes Wolf, Stephan Borte
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the value of peptide epitopes in stratifying previous infections and COVID-19. A novel statistical approach was used to identify potential antibody binding peptides, and these epitopes were validated through synthetic peptide microarray testing. The study found differences in epitope patterns between COVID-19, eCoV, and the S-protein vaccine, which may be due to cross-reactivity between viruses, pre-existing immune responses to certain epitopes, and differences in processing of the vaccine proteins.
Article
Virology
Wendy K. Jo, Christian Drosten, Jan Felix Drexler
Summary: Community protective immunity can impact the evolution of RNA viruses by selecting for new antigenic variants over years, such as the annual evaluation of influenza vaccines. The extent of antigenic drift affecting coronaviruses remains unknown, but similarities in evolutionary dynamics between HCoV and IAV suggest potential similarities in future evolutionary patterns of SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Taushif Khan, Mahbuba Rahman, Fatima Al Ali, Susie S. Y. Huang, Manar Ata, Qian Zhang, Paul Bastard, Zhiyong Liu, Emmanuelle Jouanguy, Vivien Beziat, Aurelie Cobat, Gheyath K. Nasrallah, Hadi M. Yassine, Maria K. Smatti, Amira Saeed, Isabelle Vandernoot, Jean-Christophe Goffard, Guillaume Smits, Isabelle Migeotte, Filomeen Haerynck, Isabelle Meyts, Laurent Abel, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Mohammad R. Hasan, Nico Marr
Summary: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of CoV-specific antibody repertoires in children and adults, revealing qualitative differences in antibody repertoires against endemic HCoVs between children and adults. Antibody specificities targeting the fusion peptide region and 52' cleavage site of the spike protein show broad cross-reactivity with peptides of epidemic human and nonhuman coronaviruses.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Anna L. McNaughton, Robert S. Paton, Matthew Edmans, Jonathan Youngs, Judith Wellens, Prabhjeet Phalora, Alex Fyfe, Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer, Jai S. Bolton, Jonathan Ball, George W. Carnell, Wanwisa Dejnirattisai, Christina Dold, David W. Eyre, Philip Hopkins, Alison Howarth, Kreepa Kooblall, Hannah Klim, Susannah Leaver, Lian Ni Lee, Cesar Lopez-Camacho, Sheila F. Lumley, Derek C. Macallan, Alexander J. Mentzer, Nicholas M. Provine, Jeremy Ratcliff, Jose Slon-Compos, Donal Skelly, Lucas Stolle, Piyada Supasa, Nigel Temperton, Chris Walker, Beibei Wang, Duncan Wyncoll, Peter Simmonds, Teresa Lambe, John Kenneth Baillie, Malcolm G. Semple, Peter J. M. Openshaw, Uri Obolski, Marc Turner, Miles Carroll, Juthathip Mongkolsapaya, Gavin Screaton, Stephen H. Kennedy, Lisa Jarvis, Eleanor Barnes, Susanna Dunachie, Jose Lourenco, Philippa C. Matthews, Tihana Bicanic, Paul Klenerman, Sunetra Gupta, Craig P. Thompson
Summary: The immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in fatal COVID-19 cases is enriched for antibodies that target epitopes shared with other endemic coronaviruses, rather than the more protective regions of the virus. This response is correlated with the magnitude of antibody responses to the spike protein of both SARS-CoV-2 and other beta-coronaviruses in individuals admitted to the ICU with fatal outcomes. However, there is no significant difference in antibody responses to the less cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid between fatal and nonfatal cases.
Review
Microbiology
Chandrima Gain, Sihyeong Song, Tyler Angtuaco, Sandro Satta, Theodoros Kelesidis
Summary: Coronaviruses can cause severe respiratory tract infections and affect other organs such as the central nervous system, lungs, and heart. COVID-19 has had a devastating impact on humanity. Understanding the mechanisms of coronavirus infections will help develop new treatments to reduce the effects of these infections. Coronaviruses induce oxidative stress, leading to reduced antiviral responses and increased inflammation and cell damage. However, the mechanisms by which coronaviruses manipulate redox responses are not well understood. This review aims to elucidate the redox mechanisms involved in coronavirus replication and associated damage to multiple organs.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Sai Preetham Peddireddy, Syed A. Rahman, Anthony R. Cillo, Godhev Manakkat Vijay, Ashwin Somasundaram, Creg J. Workman, William Bain, Bryan J. McVerry, Barbara Methe, Janet S. Lee, Prabir Ray, Anuradha Ray, Tullia C. Bruno, Dario A. A. Vignali, Georgios D. Kitsios, Alison Morris, Harinder Singh, Aniruddh Sarkar, Jishnu Das
Summary: This study provides deep molecular profiling of antibodies in severe COVID-19 patients and demonstrates that multivariate antibody profiles targeting canonical or non-canonical antigens can predict survival in severe cases. Additionally, pre-pandemic healthy individuals show cross-reactive antibodies against coronavirus antigens. A model built on antibody profiles for endemic coronavirus antigens also predicts COVID-19 outcome.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Leiping Zeng, Yanxia Liu, Xammy Huu Nguyenla, Timothy R. Abbott, Mengting Han, Yanyu Zhu, Augustine Chemparathy, Xueqiu Lin, Xinyi Chen, Haifeng Wang, Draven A. Rane, Jordan M. Spatz, Saket Jain, Arjun Rustagi, Benjamin Pinsky, Adrianna E. Zepeda, Anastasia P. Kadina, John A. Walker, Kevin Holden, Nigel Temperton, Jennifer R. Cochran, Annelise E. Barron, Michael D. Connolly, Catherine A. Blish, David B. Lewis, Sarah A. Stanley, Marie F. La Russa, Lei S. Qi
Summary: The authors demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas13d can effectively inhibit a wide range of human coronaviruses, including new SARS-CoV-2 variants, in combination with small molecule drugs. The CRISPR-Cas13d system reduces viral titers by over 99% and enhances the therapeutic effects of different antiviral drugs. Lipid nanoparticle-mediated RNA delivery enables the Cas13d system to treat infections from multiple coronavirus variants in human primary airway epithelium cultures. This study establishes CRISPR-Cas13 as a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy that complements existing vaccination and antiviral treatment strategies.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Arbor G. Dykema, Boyang Zhang, Bezawit A. Woldemeskel, Caroline C. Garliss, Laurene S. Cheung, Dilshad Choudhury, Jiajia Zhang, Luis Aparicio, Sadhana Bom, Rufiaat Rashid, Justina X. Caushi, Emily Han-Chung Hsiue, Katherine Cascino, Elizabeth A. Thompson, Abena K. Kwaa, Dipika Singh, Sampriti Thapa, Alvaro A. Ordonez, Andrew Pekosz, Franco R. D'Alessio, Jonathan D. Powell, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Shibin Zhou, Drew M. Pardoll, Hongkai Ji, Andrea L. Cox, Joel N. Blankson, Kellie N. Smith
Summary: Our study confirms the presence of unique memory CD4(+) T cell clones recognizing both SARS-CoV-2 and CCCs. The lower avidity of crossreactive TCRs for SARS-CoV-2 may result in reduced proliferation capacity and impact clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of these crossreactive T cell responses.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Biology
Andrew R. Crowley, Harini Natarajan, Andrew P. Hederman, Carly A. Bobak, Joshua A. Weiner, Wendy Wieland-Alter, Jiwon Lee, Evan M. Bloch, Aaron A. R. Tobian, Andrew D. Redd, Joel N. Blankson, Dana Wolf, Tessa Goetghebuer, Arnaud Marchant, Ruth Connor, Peter F. Wright, Margaret E. Ackerman
Summary: This study investigates the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, focusing on preexisting antibodies that cross-react with endemic coronaviruses. The findings suggest that natural infection boosts preexisting antibody lineages against prior endemic CoV exposure, while vaccination with a stabilized spike mRNA vaccine does not robustly boost cross-reactive antibodies. The boosted antibodies primarily target the conserved S2 subdomain of the viral spike, but lack neutralization activity.
Review
Immunology
Elisa B. Prestes, Julia C. P. Bruno, Leonardo H. Travassos, Leticia A. M. Carneiro
Summary: The ability of cells and organisms to sense and respond to variable environmental conditions is crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Signaling pathways such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy play important roles in cellular adaptation to disturbances in endoplasmic reticulum, calcium homeostasis, cellular energy, or redox status. These pathways intersect in response to viral infections, including coronavirus, and understanding their molecular interactions is important for developing potential therapeutic interventions.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shlomi Kotler, Gabriel A. Peterson, Ezad Shojaee, Florent Lecocq, Katarina Cicak, Alex Kwiatkowski, Shawn Geller, Scott Glancy, Emanuel Knill, Raymond W. Simmonds, Jose Aumentado, John D. Teufel
Summary: In this study, two mechanical drumheads with masses of 70 picograms were deterministically entangled using pulsed electromechanics. Quantum state tomography was performed through nearly quantum-limited measurements, allowing for the direct observation of entanglement. These entangled macroscopic systems are expected to be used in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, enable sensing beyond the standard quantum limit, and function as long-lived nodes in future quantum networks.